HIV/ AIDS

A lot of people don't get tested because they don't believe something like this can happen to them until it do then they walk around miserable and feel as if life is over. Getting tested every six months makes a difference depending on how sexually active you are you might want to get tested more. I personally get tested every 3 months because my mother died from this virus and I do not want to leave my kids the same way she left me. Although you may not be that comfortable it is for the better of you that you get tested and make sure you protect the people around you.You have to think of other people when you think about possibly getting a virus that can never be reversed. This is a very tricky thing to have to tell your loved ones about you don't want to have to sit down with your kids and tell them something like this. There are a lot of things that you will have to go through once you are diagnosed with such a virus you have to not only make sure that you stay healthy, so that yo u stay around for your family. We have more information on this virus meaning we can keep you alive longer you might not be able to do things the way you use to but you ill be alive as long as you follow your doctor's orders.There are still a high number of people that are not aware of this virus. It's ashamed to the number of people that aren't aware. There are about 12,000 people who are not aware of their status because they do not get tested. Our youth is being infected with this virus because they want to experiment with sex. There are about 57 percent of our youth that are gay or bisexual and are Just going around infecting each other. Things need to change and quickly because if not we won't have a future of healthy people.There re many types of ways people can get tested and many different places that you can go without any one finding out that you got tested as well as what you status is. You just have to have the courage to go get tested. I found it easier to go with a fri end or your loved one to make you more comfortable. As long as you get tested to make sure you are safe is all that matters. Families need to inform their children on how important safe sex is we have to realize that they are going to do it anyway no matter what we say so all we can do is keep them safe by providing them with everything they need to experiment safely. HIV/ AIDS A lot of people don't get tested because they don't believe something like this can happen to them until it do then they walk around miserable and feel as if life is over. Getting tested every six months makes a difference depending on how sexually active you are you might want to get tested more. I personally get tested every 3 months because my mother died from this virus and I do not want to leave my kids the same way she left me. Although you may not be that comfortable it is for the better of you that you get tested and make sure you protect the people around you.You have to think of other people when you think about possibly getting a virus that can never be reversed. This is a very tricky thing to have to tell your loved ones about you don't want to have to sit down with your kids and tell them something like this. There are a lot of things that you will have to go through once you are diagnosed with such a virus you have to not only make sure that you stay healthy, so that yo u stay around for your family. We have more information on this virus meaning we can keep you alive longer you might not be able to do things the way you use to but you ill be alive as long as you follow your doctor's orders.There are still a high number of people that are not aware of this virus. It's ashamed to the number of people that aren't aware. There are about 12,000 people who are not aware of their status because they do not get tested. Our youth is being infected with this virus because they want to experiment with sex. There are about 57 percent of our youth that are gay or bisexual and are Just going around infecting each other. Things need to change and quickly because if not we won't have a future of healthy people.There re many types of ways people can get tested and many different places that you can go without any one finding out that you got tested as well as what you status is. You just have to have the courage to go get tested. I found it easier to go with a fri end or your loved one to make you more comfortable. As long as you get tested to make sure you are safe is all that matters. Families need to inform their children on how important safe sex is we have to realize that they are going to do it anyway no matter what we say so all we can do is keep them safe by providing them with everything they need to experiment safely.

Reflective journal Essay

My third week of clinical placement at Trillium Hospital assigned on the same unit and same patient. Arrive early in the lobby of 4J Rehab meet with our Clinical Instructor and group mates. Started with pre-conference had briefing for the day activities assigned as schedule to be with our Clinical Instructor in giving 10:00 am medications. After the briefing, I went to the station where, met my new preceptor , exchange of greetings little bit of introduction about me and her. We started by taking the endorsement from the outgoing night shift nurse. Review the plan of care of our assigned patient. She asked to get the manual Blood Pressure Apparatus and handed me her pager. I was thinking why the pager. She notice me in confusion of the pager, she just smiled and said â€Å" I want you to feel your the real nurse and I am just your assistant†, don’t worry I am at your side† just answered â€Å"ok†. We went to each patient room, greeted patient, took the vital signs, recorded it my notebook, does the head to toe assessment . After all of these activities we went back to the nurse’s station where I do the documentation with regards to patients vital signs. At around 9:00 in the morning we do the morning care for each patient, I had the chance to assist her male stroke patient change his catheter. We finished around 9:30 and had our break. After the break 10:00 Am time to give the medication for my assigned patient together with my preceptor as per schedule. My assigned patient is male 51 years old Spanish who has an Ileostomy case. The medication that I was going to give are pain medications and for his hypertension. My clinical instructor asked me also about the medication routes, and the classification of the drugs. So thankful to her my Clinical Instructor she is so kind and willing to give us all the information we need to learn. I also documented in the MAR sheet, signed the drugs that I gave. I also had the chance of changing the dressing of my assigned patient, Ileostomy case. Prepared the materials needed for the procedure. Feeling nervous at the beginning, my first time to do this kind of dressing, packing ribbon on an stoma. With my preceptor around who is so cooperative and teaching me the proper way to do it I feel confident and grateful to her too. Me and my group mates had also the chance to watch doing the bladder scanner knowing the amount of urine in the bladder. One of my group mates did the in and out catetherization, but unfortunately it did work out, something is blocking maybe pus. I also helped the transferring of patient from bed to wheel chair using the manual Hoyer Lift. Get tired that day but happy I learned a lot of challenges, having this positive attitude, experiences during my clinical duty I know I can handle and deal with the situations that I will be encoutering.

O level papers

Are downloaded e-books a passing fad or are they here to stay? One attraction of e-books is that some of them are free. Others can be downloaded at a much cheaper price than the bookshop price, and for avid readers this is an obvious advantage because the money saved can be spent on other things, perhaps new clothes or days out. There is no need to make time-consuming trips to bookshops, which is a real hassle, especially for parents with children to bundle into the car or bus. Instead, books can be paid for and downloaded from the comfort of our own living room.E-readers don't take up much space, which makes a huge difference to people whose living space might be limited, for example, families with several young children wing for space for toys, games and all the paraphernalia of family life. Moreover, e-readers are extremely portable; instead of having to choose which book to take with you to read on the train, or having to narrow your choice to three or four books to fit into your holiday suitcase, you can have the delightful experience of carrying hundreds on your e-reader.E-readers are a blessing to short-sighted or visually-impaired readers because, as with all computer screens, the size of the print can be increased; no more squinting at the pages of a book or, worse, having the frustrating experience of not being able to read the book at all. Lights can also be attached to e-readers, and this is generally conducive to keeping eyes healthy. Users of e-readers can personalize their reading in the same way that people often personalize their mobile phones, as e-readers can be purchased with covers in a variety of materials and colors.While those who are generally wary of technology complain that e-readers are mere gimmicks, teachers and parents, who often regret that children don't read enough, hope that the novelty value of e-readers will lead to increased reading and improved examination results. Gone is the need for bookmarks and the frustration of losi ng the place in your book, as e-readers remember where you stopped reading and take you automatically to that point when you open up to start reading again. 4 However, e-readers have their critics too.There are those who say that e-readers ill bring about the closure of libraries, which will be a great loss to society as a whole. Although downloaded books are cheap or even free, the initial cost of e- readers is high, as they are essentially computer-based, and computers are expensive. This is all very well for those who can afford it, but it is socially divisive because not everyone can. If e-readers do bring about the closure of libraries, some people – those who can afford neither books nor the technology to read e-books – will have little opportunity to read at all. And what about the sheer, aesthetic pleasure f owning books? Many people delight in holding, and Just possessing, their favorite books. Snuggling up on the sofa with an e-reader pales into insignificanc e when compared with doing so with a ‘real' book. When people are moved to tears or to fury by characters or plots in a book, they instinctively tell their friends about it, and often books change hands and are temporarily swapped. This delight is denied to readers of e-books.Furthermore, students are not able to annotate e-books and use them for buying e-books from home, readers have to know what they are looking for, whereas rousing in a bookshop allows readers to stumble on books they might otherwise never have come across. It would be a great pity if bookshops had to close because they were unable to compete with e-readers, either because the customers didn't come any more, or because they were reluctant to pay the higher prices inevitably charged for books as opposed to e-books. Moreover, Jobs would be axed if bookshops closed. Will society have to pay too high a price for this latest technology?

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Emotional Intelligence - Essay Example This conclusion was based on the skills of different clinical officers. In addition, it is not only the mental intelligences of a person which can assist in making the difference, but there has to be other forms of relations such as emotional response. This means that an emotional intelligent person will be able to know his emotions and those of others that will make him or her relate well with them. From the definition of emotional intelligence, it is clear that its needs are vital in any working environment. With this, I value emotional intelligence in management. I support emotional intelligence based on the number of its ideas. For example, emotional intelligence is vital in an individual life, and people have different ways of controlling, understanding and recognizing emotions, and the variety in understanding and controlling emotions makes individuals in their everyday life to adapt in divers manners especially at the work place. From the above concepts, emotional intelligence is important in management because the management team know how to handle different workers and situations so as to achieve the best outcomes. This characteristic would show that managers should have self-control so that this translates to the subordinates and a cohesive work team is created. Concerning this, the management team should encourage cohesiveness and skills that will result to positive work outcomes (Cherniss 114). Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Management Performance Good emotional intelligence affects management performance. This is evident from the traits that the management team have if they practice emotional intelligence. One of the traits is self-awareness, which means that the manager or management team is capable of knowing his or her strength and weaknesses because he or she understands emotions and its effects. The management would be affected in positive manner if the managers would use their strengths to promote good working relations and also recogniz e their weaknesses to assist in finding solutions that could shape management for high-end production. Management could also be affected in positive manner because an emotional intelligent management team or managers possess social awareness trait, which means that they recognize emotions of other individuals like employees in the firm, and they also know their wants and are able to interact with them socially. From this, it is evident that emotional intelligence affects management in a positive way because good relationships and communications are established hence management performance is improved. Furthermore, emotional intelligence affects management performance, as the it will easily develop solutions in cases of conflict, as it is aware of how to handle different situations and this is a form of inspiration to the employees as they will learn from their seniors and this creates a productive workforce (Lazovic 798). Importance of Emotional Intelligence in the Work Place There is clear view that emotional intelligence is important based on the following mechanisms; first, an emotionally intelligent person has capability of differentiating emotions, and they can use emotions to reason, recognize and can take control of emotions which is seen as a way of stress management. Emotional intelligence will be paramount in the workforce as people will be able to relate with each other and learn how to resolve conflicts in the event that they arise. Emotionally

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals Essay - 3

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals - Essay Example Design of buildings has been computerized to incorporate software that will come up with perfect designs. The architect and the client come up with the most viable design after considering costs, space and other limiting factors that may operate in the building process. A building program will enable the architect to come up how best to erect the building while considering the needs of the client and the state rules to be followed. This paper will elaborate on how the architectural design of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities compares to the Architecture by James O’Gorman and Vitruvius ideals. James O’Gorman ideals explain that the foundations of a building need to be firm so that the building is stable. Weak foundations will mean that the whole building will be weak hence it may collapse or repair will be expensive in case of damages on the building. The building program will entail a written expression of the building, and from this, the builders will incorporate the ideas to erect a stable building. The architect will work on the program to change it to a three-dimensional figure, which is the building. The shapes and sizes of the rooms in the building will be determined by the needs of clients of the building. The shape is determined by the type of building type, its purpose and the timeline the building is built (Gorman, 21). The Gothic cathedral is an example of a building in the historical context that applies the use of planning on the space of buildings. Symmetry is used in the designs to come up with buildings that will stand out as works of superior archi tectural designs. For buildings to be excellent works of architecture, symmetry needs to be applied to make buildings appealing to the viewer's eyes. The University of Minnesota twin cities express the idea of, firmness, symmetry, beauty  and space in its design.  

Introduction to Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Operations Management - Essay Example Management of the Zoo has arranged the facilities and services for about 10000 visitors. But this year, more than 10,000 people visited the Zoo at the occasion of August Bank Holidays. Moreover on the World Animal Day, the number of visitors exceeded 18,000 visitors, about an average of 4000 visitors at a time. There were many problems faced by the management; food ran short, there was no space for free walk in the Zoo, no staff member was there in front of the visitors and there all were queues in the Zoo. The management of the London Zoo can use some other ways of collecting data on their required information about the service quality. They can use the group focusing technique to gather the information. The groups visiting the Zoo can be requested to answer few of their questions. This style of activities can be done in quite attractive way announcing some gift hampers for the groups answering their questions and recommending some suggestions for the improvement. Interviewing technique is also a useful way to gather the data. But this technique might be not much useful or beneficial here. An interview requires mental preparation of the respondent which can not be adopted here as people come to the place for relaxation and enjoyment, they would not like this way. The above are the categories upon which information were gathered. The rating was asked from 1 to 5 with 3 as an average. The figures from the Appendices 3 and 4, it is observed that the customers rank the Zoo as an average service provider as the average of the ranking is 2.90 ~ 3. This value shows that the customers feel that the Zoo is providing entertainment of an average level. The management seems to be more dedicated towards the improvement of the progress of the services’ quality. The management realizes its responsibility that they have not only to provide amusement but the Zoo symbolizes the care of wild life. This care is reflected through the

LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER OF MY PROJECT (research proposal on the Essay

LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER OF MY PROJECT (research proposal on the difficulties single fathers face raising a child in lonodon - Essay Example 15) maintains that there are a number of reasons for the perpetuation of the difficulties single father face. To start with, societal perceptions of single fathers contribute to insufficient and quite often no public or private support for single fathers. Additionally, the UK National Statistics (2011) report that single fathers are more likely to be working parents compared to single mothers. According to a 2001 UK National Statistics released in February 2011, just over 62 per cent of single fathers compared to just over 47 per cent of single mothers. This chapter explores the literature relative to the status and treatment of single fathers in the UK generally, but with particular focus on single fathers in London. The purpose of this chapter is to establish a conceptual framework for demonstrating that single fathers in London face a number of difficulties as a result of both societal and government treatment and perceptions of single fathers and fathers generally. This chapter w ill also explore the possibility that fathers are already disadvantaged by the fact that they are typically working fathers, obviating a greater need for support. I. Public Perceptions of Fatherhood Public perceptions of fatherhood are generally reflected in expectations and experiences within the family structure and based on public policies and legislation. There is a paucity of empirical research in public perceptions of fatherhood. Much of the literature is comprised of historical developments, legal developments, and policy decisions. For the most part, public perceptions of fatherhood are deduced from expectations within the family as expressed in the social sciences and by the law and policy makers as primarily expressed in the law. Daly (1993, p. 511) conducted a study involving 32 fathers of children under the age of 6 and reports that one of the greatest barriers to successful single fatherhood is public perceptions of the role of the father. Daly’s (1993, p. 511) s urvey of the subject fathers discovered that these fathers of the young children were informed of their roles by pervious experiences with their own fathers. According to Dowd (2002, p. 5) theorizes that public perceptions of fatherhood are embedded in the law’s perpetuation of the father as a biological and economic figure, which essentially denies that the father is a nurturing parent. Di Torella (2007, p. 319) substantiates Dwod’s theory by pointing out that although the Work and Family Act 2006 seeks to reinvent the role of the father, it is primarily geared toward accommodating the working mother, rather than the working father and therefore continues to perpetuate the public perception that the father is the financial rather than substantive parent. The legal treatment of the father is explored in greater detail below in Section III below. For present purposes, suffice it to state that according to Dowd (2002, p. 5) the legal representation of the father stems fr om the traditional and historical representation of the father as a property owner and source of financial support for the child. It is hardly surprising that public perceptions of fatherhood tend to undermine the significance of the father in the child’s development and growth. Vincent and Ball (2006, p. 90) inform that based on their interpretation of legal and public treatment of the father, both â€Å"popular and policy discourses on fathers are not flattering†

HRM processes and practices in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRM processes and practices in UAE - Essay Example UAE has significantly developed in the recent past and in a very short period of time it has become an example of economic growth. UAE has been attracting investment from all around the globe and it is being considered one of the best avenues for business expansion. The analysis conducted in the paper would try to provide sufficient foundation for the fact that UAE is a suitable avenue for the expansion of business. Socio-Political Background of UAE UAE has been providing routes to international business for centuries and it has been providing access to 1.5 billion consumer markets in West Asia, Africa and East Europe. Thus, it can be said that UAE has been a suitable avenue for international business expansion for a very long time. However, in the recent past, the infrastructural development in UAE has made the country even more feasible for business expansion in the UAE. The economic development in the country makes investment in the country profitable in short term. Over the past 26 years, the economy of the country has swelled by more than six times. In numerous cases, the investment in a business in a country does not turn out any profits for years however the accelerated economic activity in the UAE ensures that investment in the country would turn out profits in a shorter period of time (Oxford Business Group). The political environment in UAE is also feasible for business expansion as the visionary leadership of the UAE is diverting all its efforts towards industrial and economic development in the country. The leadership of the UAE has been really encouraging towards international businesses who intend to invest in UAE. Therefore the political environment of UAE is feasible for the establishment of business in the country. The country is one of the top producers of oil and this fact adds up to the feasibility of the country as a business expansion avenue. Dubai International Airport offers 300 flights on a daily basis to and from around 100 destination s therefore managing a business in UAE would not be a problem since it would be possible to be available in the UAE at any time. Business Environment in UAE Due to the increased economic development in the recent past, UAE has become the center of attention for international investors. A number of international business have started operating in UAE and due to presence of organizations from all around the world, the business environment in UAE is not static. The business environment in UAE is dynamic and it responds towards the increasing international investment in the country. The following factors would shed some light upon the business environment in UAE: Organizational Structure The organizational structures in the UAE are dynamic as business can have complete foreign ownership. Local businesses have an Eastern influence therefore they have hierarchical structures, however it is not necessary for all the organizations to have a hierarchical structure and the line of command can be shortened by adding channels of communication among different levels (Hvidt, 2007). Industrial Relations Industrial relations in UAE are influenced by the political environment of the country. UAE is a federation therefore there are no political parties or elections. Due to lack of any political pressure, the industrial relations are not founded upon unions or any political parties. Due to the increasing economic developm

Price Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Price Analysis - Essay Example However, among the various methods, a consumer should choose the one that suits the important facts of his purchases. If I would be allowed to select only one price analysis method throughout the course of my career, I would select the price competition method for price analysis Price Competition is the most popular and the widest used technique of price analysis. It is very handy and easy to conduct. Also, it does not involve much in depth research. All a consumer needs to do is to consider the prices quoted by several other suppliers in the market and evaluate them closely. A price competition normally exists when prices quoted by different suppliers differ by 15% (Murphy 2009). The lowest price may not always be the most reasonable price for you. There may be chances of errors in the quotation and also the quality of the good or service provided may also not be up to the required level. Also, there may be costs associated with the product to make it a better one that may have not been incurred, and thus resulting in a lower price. Hence, when using the price competition technique, it is important that the consumer demands a statement on why the quoted price has been set by the

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism Assignment

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism - Assignment Example Hence the need for an efficient allocation of the existing resource base through prioritization of wants is being felt increasingly. Effective allocation of the scarce resource base is the only way through which a country can satisfy the demands of its growing population and work towards profitability. To counter the system of effective allocation of the existing resource base the economies of the world are generally faced by three fundamental questions. Firstly, the economy needs to consider the nature and the pattern of the goods and services that need to be produced to meet the needs and demands of the growing population. Secondly, the economy needs to identify the most effective way through which the goods and services can be produced to justify the use of depleting resource base. Thirdly, the economy must understand the needs of the target population who will eventually consume the goods and services produced. (Riley, 2006; Economic Systems, 2010). To this end, it is found that allocation of the scarce and limited resource base in an economy driven by ‘market mechanism’ is conditioned on the price quotes obtained through auctions or bids. The resources of the economy are transferred to private hands through the system of bids and auctions. The observation made in this regard shows that the government of different countries operating in a market mechanism has made the private sector get a license in relation to oil exploration and land property rights. The private system in the economy owing to the above fact has emerged as key players in areas like broadcasting, education, housing and oil exploration. Here, it must be noted that allocation of the limited resource base through market mechanism depends on the purchaser’s desire to pay for the same. Information about the highest price that can be paid by the purchasers are gathered through the bidding system and the decision is taken henceforth on the acquired data.

Nike Fuel Band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nike Fuel Band - Essay Example Nike Fuel Bands are easy to set up as well as use, and they come in three sizes (the small, the medium or large, and the extra-large). Another feature on the wristband is a size space, which enables it to fit best. This product is also resistant to water and enjoys a long battery life (could go even for seven days) (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Nike Fuel Band has an added advantage in the sense that it comes with a free mobile application (Nike+ Fuel Band). With this application, a person is able to track progress made, turning the movement tracked into Nike Fuel points. This can be synchronized using Bluetooth wireless to view results, the high points during the day, the achievements or trophies gained, and general progress made. In summary, the Nike Fuel Band tells a person how active they are and motivates any person who desires to increase their level of activity (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Company Description Nike Fuel Band is an exclusive product of Nike, Inc. This is a corporation that is multinational and of American origin. Nike, Inc. can be rightfully termed as the leading innovator in the world when it comes to athletic footwear, equipment, apparel, and accessories. The company designs, also develops, sells, and markets its products and services throughout the world. The Nike, Inc. company has its headquarters in the county of Washington, Oregon (close to Beaverton), in the United States of America. When it was founded, it went by the name Blue Ribbon Sports. This was on 25th of January, the year 1964 by two men who were visionary and dared to be pioneers of the athletic footwear revolution. The men who brought this redefinition to the industry were Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The company became known as Nike, Inc. officially on 30 May 1971. The Nike acronym is taken from a Greek mythology and was ascribed to the goddess of victory (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Nike, Inc. as a company has what it believes in and this is that any person, who has a body, can become an athlete. This underpins the company’s vision of promoting mobility, comfort, and style through its gear as a whole (footwear, accessories, equipment, and apparel). The mission statement of the company is encapsulated in bringing inspiration as well as innovation to each athlete all over the world. This commitment is evident in the new and extremely innovative methods that Nike, Inc. is using in development of athletic products that are superior (Moe & Grahn, 2012). The company also uses methods that are very creative when it comes to direct communication with consumers. Nike, Inc. has experienced dynamic expansion that includes growing strongly in China. Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is the life span of a certain product. Product Life Cycle is a theory, which has its basis on the way a product evolves. This movement takes place in four steps that are from start to the end. The first step in the process of Product Life Cycle is the introduction of a produ ct, and then moves to the stage of growth, maturity stage follows, and finally there is a decline in the sales of the product. This information is usually displayed in a Product Life Cycle Curve, which depicts the level of sales of a product against time (different phases). The Nike Fuel Band is in the growth stage of the Product Life Cycle. This is evidenced by its presence in the market and exponential growth of its sales since being introduced into the

America’s Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

America’s Foreign Policy Essay Since the end of the Cold War, the relationship between the U.S. government and the media has become increasingly significant. Coupled with the number of humanitarian interventions during the 1990’s, it begs the question, how far is the media responsible for the creation of U.S. foreign policy? Somalia, a nation wracked by civil war and famine, stirred the United Nations particularly the U.S. into action, but how far was the media responsible? It is argued that the CNN effect played a substantial role in U. S. foreign policy, as it was displaying graphic images and news stories of the crisis to the U.S. public, creating uproar over the situation, and a demand to ‘do something now’. Combined with the media’s ability to frame the news into a positive or negative light, this demonstrates the power the media has over public opinion. This in turn created pressure on the policy-makers of the U.S. and the United Nations to act, which is demonstrated in Operation Continue Hope, and UNOSOM (United Nations Operation in Somalia)I and II. However, it is also argued that the collapse of the USSR, and the attempt to create a New World Order was a deciding factor in the U.S.’s foreign policy. Without the constraints of competing ideologies and the USSR in the United Nations Security Council, the U.S. wanted to develop a world foreign policy based upon cooperation, economic development and humanitarian intervention for those in need. With the U.S. as the remaining great Superpower, it was considered their duty to take the lead and show the world how it is done – hence the foreign policy concerning Somalia. It is in my judgment that the media played a substantial part in affecting U.S. foreign policy, due to the effect it had upon the U.S. citizens, and their outcry for immediate action. However, the media is not solely responsible for the actions of the U.S., as other factors like the New World Order played its part too, which I shall demonstrate throughout this essay. The previous government, the Somali Democratic Republic, under the leadership of Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, posed the question of who would succeed the ailing leader, who had been seriously injured in a car accident. This, and the lessening of its strategic importance in the final years of the Cold War, and the reduction of Soviet support, opened up in Somalia an opportunity for rebellion. The government was becoming increasingly totalitarian, performing human atrocities against resistance movements who wanted freedom from the military dictatorship. This eventually led to the outbreak of civil war, the toppling of Barre’s regime, and a power vacuum, with various warlords vying for control. When increasing reports of human atrocities, and starving citizens reached the international community, with food prices rising by 800-1200%, President Bush, and the United Nations Security Council passed a unanimous resolution in December 1992, to deploy peacekeeping forces, and huma nitarian relief to Somalia, aimed at stabilizing the situation, with ‘all necessary means to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations charter. The U.S. led United Nation forces initially met with success in providing aid to the nation, however, in 1995; United Nations peacekeepers were forced to withdraw after public opinion turned as a result of significant peacekeeper casualties, and its failure to capture General Mohamed Farah Aidid, the major warlord figure in the country. I shall now argue how the media held great responsibility for the U.S.’s foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990’s, due to the CNN effect. Since the end of the Cold War, the increasing willingness of Western governments to intervene militarily during humanitarian crises, coupled with significant levels of Western media attention to the consequences of ‘distant’ civil wars, raised substantive questions regarding the media-state relationship. Western media has enjoyed greater amounts of freedom since the toppling of the USSR, and the rise of U.S. hegemony, resulting in greater access to ‘on-scene’ news articles, and the ability to show them to the rest of the world. Coupled with the development of the internet in the 1990’s, CNN and other media stations are able to bring images and information to the public 24 hours a day. This is demonstrated when the initial U.S. marines who landed on the beaches of Mogadishu, were greeted by a swarm of American journalists and star correspondents, who had been given advance notice of the landing. With the ability to control what information is shown to their audiences, the media has a certain amount of control over public opinion, which in turn has an effect upon the government who represents them. For example, the U.S. government was already aware of the situation in Somalia before CNN shared the story, and yet was not compelled to intervene. However, once the stor y became public, the U.S., and the United Nations received a vast amount of pressure to acknowledge the situation, and act accordingly. This is known as a ‘strong CNN effect’, the ability of the media to steer the policy makers in the direction the media wants by influencing which images are shown to the public. By 1992, Somalia had become a non-functioning state. Its government and related services collapsed. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis had died, and estimated 1.5million Somali people were in imminent danger of starvation, and another 3.5million to a lesser extent. All these images were shown by media stations like CNN to the world, capturing the sense of despair and devastation, and energising a ‘must do something now feeling’, resulting in President George H. W. Bush to take the lead in the United Nations mission to prevent this humanitarian crisis. This demonstrates how the media had become greatly influential in U.S. politics, and why it holds a substantial amount of responsibility for the U.S. foreign policy in the initial invasion. Furthermore, just as the media had substantial influence on the U.S. entering Somalia in 1992, the media used this same influence to bring about the end of the humanitarian mission in 1995. In March 1993, the U.S. pushed for a more direct role in combating the various warlords in Somalia and protecting the citizens the United Nations mission had saved from starvation. This was approved by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, authorising the use of ‘all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia’. This was met with support from the U.S. public, as during the early media reports of the intervention, words that were supportive and emphatic were used twice as many times as words which were critical and distancing. This use of positive framing and optimistic language built a support for the intervention. Initially, the U.S. led forces were successful, capturing high-ranking members of Aidi d’s government, and preventing the massacre of Somali citizens. However, on the 3rd October, the U.S. attempted to capture two high-profile lieutenants of Aidid in the city of Mogadishu, when two Black Hawk Helicopters were shot down by the Somali militia. The following rescue attempt turned what should have been an hour’s operation into an overnight standoff in the city. The battle resulted in 18 U.S. deaths, 80 wounded, and 1 helicopter pilot captured. This became known as The Battle of Mogadishu. In the wake of the battle, the media had access to images of the dead and battered American servicemen, and the victorious Somali forces parading the captured U.S. helicopter pilot Corporal William Durant through the streets of Mogadishu. Shockingly they also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past a mob of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning and kicking the body, in the full view of the cameras. In light of this news, the media changed the framing of the Somali crisis, and began to challenge the government, h ighlighting the casualty ratings the U.S. forces were sustaining. While the public had strongly supported the former President Bush’s decision to send U.S. troops to Somalia to stop the starvation, support had now almost vanished. On Capitol Hill, mounting calls for a withdrawal of U.S. troops rose to a level that newly elected President Clinton could not ignore, and announced the exit of U.S. troops by March 1994. Through the use of a ‘strong CNN effect’, the media completely turned U.S. public opinion on the Somali intervention. The starving Somali citizens, who had been the victims at the start of the intervention, had become the victimisers, who had attacked foreign soldiers who were trying to help them. The public opinion might not have deteriorated quite so substantially, if the images accompanying the story had not been present, or if the media hadn’t worded their stories quite so negatively. After all, hearing about the deaths is one thing, to see it before your eyes is quite another. This therefore, demonstrates how the media, through the use of strong CNN effect, were able to steer public opinion into entering Somalia, and out of Somalia when the situation deteriorated. Although the media holds the majority of responsibility for the U.S.’s foreign policy in Somalia, Presidents Bush and Clinton’s drive to create a New World Order also holds partially responsibility. In the wake of the Cold War, President George H. W. Bush and President Mikhail Gorbachev tried to define this new era, and the great spirit of power cooperation they hoped to see. This is highlighted in a speech by Bush, in which he indicated ‘America and the world must defend common vital interests, support the rule of law and stand up to aggression’. With this new drive to create a better world, one with cooperation between major powers, rebuilding the world and projecting a new world with greater prospects for a new millennium. Therefore, when humanitarian crises like Somalia arose, President Bush saw it as U.S.’s duty as the richest and most powerful nation in the world, to lead the international mission to save these civilians from starvation. It was hoped, that along with saving those in need, the U.S. could inspire the rest of the world to share this image of a New World Order, and help build a better tomorrow. However, since the U.S. knew about Somalia before the media published the story, it doesn’t suggest that the New World Order was the major factor in deciding to intervene in the crisis. In conclusion, the media was greatly responsible for the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia, and was, in my judgment, the main factor which decided the issue initially to intervene in Somalia, and then to exit. Firstly, through the use of a strong CNN effect, the media framed the issue, and showed images to the public in order to create uproar amongst the population. This was done in order to manipulate the policy-makers into examining the situation, and ultimately become involved. This is demonstrated by the images of starving civilians, and the chaos the various warlords and clans were creating throughout the nation. These tactics would develop a ‘do something now’ feeling. Moreover, the media was also the leading factor in the U.S. exiting from Somalia, because the media station had changed the framing of the stories to negative and critical challenges of the governments mission in Somalia. This combined with the images of The Battle of Mogadishu, and the victimisation the U.S. soldiers had suffered, dramatically changed public opinion against the U.S. foreign policy in Somalia. However, the media was not the only factor in deciding U.S. foreign policy. President Bush’s idea of a New World Order, one based on the ideas of superpower cooperation, economic prosperity and humanitarian intervention also played a part in why President Bush would send U.S. soldiers to Somalia. It was considered the U.S.’s duty to help those in need, with the hope that their example could also inspire the rest of the world to accept the New Order, and help create a new and better world, rather than the conflict and tensions which had been experienced during the Cold War. However, the New World Order arguments are not as convincing as those for the conclusive influence of the media, as the U.S. government was already of aware of the situation in Somalia before the media developed the story, suggesting that it was the public outcry that decided the issue for the U.S.’s policy makers. Which is why, it is in my judgment that the media holds the majority of the responsibility for America’s foreign policy in Somalia during the 1990’s. Bibliography: 1. Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.183 2. Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics: Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 8 3. Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 1198 4. George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 9:09p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 1900 5. Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howard Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 78 6. Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia: Issues, History and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 26 7. George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on File Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 511 8. Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Driven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-956 9. Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 1 10. Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire: The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv 11. James Scott, After the End: Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 330 12. Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 23 13. Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 167 14. United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/ 15. Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the report of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International Development Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 [ 1 ]. Arthur Banks Thomas Muller and William Overstreet, Political Handbook of the World 2008, CQ Press Publishers, Alexandria/US, 2008, p.p. 1198 [ 2 ]. Nina Fitzgerald, Somalia: Issues, History and Bibliography, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, 2002, p.p. 26 [ 3 ]. Taisier Ali and Robert Matthews, Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolutions, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Canada, 1999, p.p.183 [ 4 ]. United Nations Security Council, Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/ [ 5 ]. George Kohn, Dictionaries of War, Facts on File Publishers Inc., New York, 2007, p.p. 511 [ 6 ]. Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention, Routledge Publishers, London, 2002, p.p. 1 [ 7 ]. Jocelyn Coulon, translated by Phyllis Arnoff and Howard Scott, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order, Les Casques Bleus Publishers, Canada, 1994 p.p. 78 [ 8 ]. Ekaterina Balabanova, Media, Wars and Politics: Comparing the Incomparable in Western and Eastern Europe, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire, 2007, p.p. 8 [ 9 ]. Ken Rutherford, Humanitarianism under Fire: The US and UN intervention in Somalia, Kumarain Press Publishers, Sterling, 2008, p.p. Preface xv [ 10 ]. Thomas Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the report of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, International Development Research Centre Publishers, Ottawa, 2002, p.p. 96 [ 11 ]. Piers Robinson, Operation Restore Hope and the Illusion of a News Dr iven Media Intervention, Political Studies 49, 2001, p.p. 941-956 [ 12 ]. Richard Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994, Dept. of the Army Publishers, 2003 p.p. 23 [ 13 ]. James Scott, After the End: Making U.S. foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World, Duke University Press, North Carolina, 1999, p.p. 330 [ 14 ]. Warren Strobel, Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s influence on Peace Operations, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, 1997, p.p. 167 [ 15 ]. George H.W. Bush, Address before a joint session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit, 9:09p.m. in the House Chamber at the Capitol, 1900

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison During Barack Obamas presidential campaign 2008 the media often called him the black Kennedy or the new JFK. But why are they compared to each other? The 35th and 44th president of the United States of America were both democrats and very charismatic, but this is not unusual for American politicians. The lives of Obama and Kennedy will be the main topic in this paper, additionally articles and speeches will be used. The first Chapter will contain the biographies of the two presidents, to give a brief background. The second Chapter will contain a closer look at the comparison of Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy. During this Chapter I will contrast specific points which show how similar or, as the case may be different the two presidents are. There will be a comparison of their education, political career and family life. In this end this text will conclude whether the comparison is doing justice to either of the two presidents. Biography John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29th 1917 (Pergande 2011: 18) and grew up in a white privileged family, which is involved in the political system of the United States of America since the 1880s (Pergande 2011: 13, 18). From his early childhood he had the privilege to receive a good education, for example in 1930 he went to Canterbury in Connecticut, a catholic boarding school and later he visited the protestant elite school Chaote, also in Connecticut. He started college at the London School of Economics, but after he became sick due to an, at that point unknown illness, he went to Princeton. After another period of illness he followed his brother to Harvard in 1936 (Pergande 2011: 18). In 1946 he was elected into the House of Representatives, where he stayed until 1952, when he was elected senator of Massachusetts (Pergande 2011: 29-31). On November 8th 1960 he was elected president and took office on January 20th 1961 (Pergande 2011: 138). At the age of 43 he was the youngest president ever elected (Pergande 2011: 67). On November 22nd 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas and buried on November 25th on the Arlington National Cemetery (Pergande 2011: 139) Two years earlier, in 1961 Barack Hussein Obama, the son of a white woman from the low middle class, who was born in Kansas and an African exchange student at the University of Hawaii was born (Marschall 2009: 49-51). Barack Obama graduated from Punahou-Highschool in Hawaii and went to the Occidental College in Los Angeles in fall 1979, where he got a full scholarship. After two years he used the transfer-program, that Occidental offered, to the Columbia College in New York, which belongs to the Columbia University (Marschall 2009: 83-84). In 1983 Barack Obama graduated with a diploma in political science. Afterwards he wanted to work as a Community Organizer to help struggling African-Americans. After applying to several civil rights organizations without getting an answer he decided to take a regular job. He was hired as an assistant by Business International Corporation in Mid-Manhattan in January 1984. In 1985 he left Business International to help the needy people (Marschall 2009: 86-87). Obama worked as a Community Organizer in Altgeld, Chicago (Marschall 2009: 89). Until he got accepted in Harvard Law in 1988 (Niven 2009: 14) and graduated in 1991 (Marschall 2009: 101). 1993 he joined the attorneys office Miner, Barnhill and Galland, which was specialized on civil rights cases. At the same time he also became a professor for constitutional law at the University of Chicago (Marschall 2009: 139). In 1996 Barack Obama was elected Senator in the parliament of Illinois, which was his first elective office and eight years later, in 2004, he became Senator of Illinois (Marschall 2009: 149). After becoming the presidential candidate for the democrat party, he was elected president on November 4th 2008 (Marschall 2009: 11). Barack Obama: The new John F. Kennedy? As we can see Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had two totally different lives. But why is Obama compared to Kennedy so often? On a very first view Obama and Kennedy were both young, handsome and charismatic and they embodied change and hope, which were common themes during their campaigns (Sorensen 2007: 2; von Marschall 2009: 19). They were dissatisfied with the recent government and economic status of the USA, warned of the danger of war. Furthermore, emphasized the significance of democracy multiple times and also the importance of national strength, to get the United Stated back on track. They wanted to improve the global standing and leadership of the nation. During their speeches, in which they both preached the politics of hope in contrast to the politics of fear (Sorensen 2007: 2) they always treated the American people with respect and never talked down (Sorensen 2007: 2) to them. In his speech Inaugural Address at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on January 20 1960, after he became president of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy talked about freedom, change and hope: We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning-signifying renewal, as well as change (John F. Kennedy 1960). Just like Barack Obama, in his Victory Speech after being elected president he said: Its been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America. (Barack Obama 2008) Both, John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama were first-term senators and comparatively young when they got elected presidents. Kennedy was only 43 years old and Obama was 47 years old. Therefore they were called too young and people assumed that they had a lack of experience (Sorensen 2007:01). Furthermore, during their campaigns the two presidents had a conflict concerning their religious believes. John F. Kennedy was Roman Catholic and there has never been a catholic president of the United States of America before. People were worried about the influence of his religion on Kennedys work as a potential president (Sorensen 2007: 1). In his speech in the Rice Hotel in Houston, Texas on September 12, 1960 Kennedy outlines the real issues of his campaign in 1960, the spread of communist influence, poverty and education. But he also reacts to the criticism about his religion by saying: But because I am a Catholic, and no Catholic has ever been elected President, the real issues in this campaign have been obscured [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] So it is apparently necessary for me to state once again not what kind of church I believe in, for that should be important only to mebut what kind of America I believe in. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] I believe in an America where religious intolerance will someday end-where all men and all churches are treated equal. (John F. Kennedy 1960) There was an issue concerning Barack Obamas religion as well. He was criticized for his church. The priest of the Trinity United Church of Christ, Jeremiah Wright, was very radical in his views, especially about the global political role of the USA and racism. He blamed all white people to be potentially racist (Marschall 2009: 114). Obama also reacted to these accusations with a speech in which he distant himself from Pastor Jeremiah Wright and his statements, but when Wright officially doubts that Obama really distant himself from these statements, Obama breaks with his pastor and leaves the Trinity United Church of Christ (Marschall 2009: 116-117). Also some Catholic leaders thought that Kennedy was not Catholic enough (Sorensen 2007: 2). This is a sentence which Barack Obama also had to hear, but in his case it was referring to his skin color. Because of his white mother and his childhood in an all-white household it is said that his heritage is rather white than black (Younge 2007: n. pag.). Another fact they have in common is that both motivated young people to vote (Sorensen 2007: 3). Kennedy was the first president who used the new mass medium Television (The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 2012: n.pag.) to reach out to the people of his country and his appearance was similar to a pop star, which made him highly popular within the group of young voters and women (Pergande 2011: 68). Also Barack Obama used modern media during his campaign. He was the first president who used online platforms like YouTube and social networks like Facebook and Twitter to inform, contact and mobilize young voters (Marschall 2009: 41). Furthermore, the two presidents were supported by celebrities. Frank Sinatra sung the song High Hopes, which was published on Vinyl record and widely spread 1917. In this song Sinatra sings Come on and vote for Kennedy and Jack is on the right track (Pergande 2011: 66). Celebrities like Will.i.am, with his song Yes, we can and other artists l ike Scarlette Johansson or John Legend supported Barack Obama (Gosa 2010: 399). Both, Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had a war to deal with. During Kennedys presidency the Cold War took place between the communist and capitalist countries and he also had to deal with the Cuba Crisis and the war in Vietnam (Pergande 2011: 74-97). When Obama became president the war in Iraq has already been started by 43rd president Georg W. Bush and another war was going on in Afghanistan. (Marschall 2009: 21). These wars led the United States into the worst financial crisis of this century and an economical decline in the whole nation (Marschall 2009: 23). Despite all that, there are also a lot differences between Kennedy and Obama. John F. Kennedy was born into a white family which was already part of the American political system for more than 50 years. His parents were very wealthy and so he could afford a good education, though his grades were never that good (Pergande 2011: 19). From the very beginning John F. Kennedys election campaigns consisted of Einsatz der ganzen Familie und ihres vielen Geldes, viele Helfer und die Beziehungen des Vaters (Pergande 2011: 28), which shows us that he was financially highly supported by his family and therefore possessed a fair amount of capital without collecting donations. Barack Obama was born into a family which was part of the lower middle class. He earned himself the right to go to college and got a full scholarship for Occidental. Within twelve years he went from Senator of Illinois to president of the United States of America. Obama financed his campaign with many donations from people who believed in him and his ideas. On his campaign homepage people could donate as much money as they wanted or could, whether it was $5 or $500. But not only their familys heritages were different. John F. Kennedy created an image. American citizens and also the press and world saw him as a young, healthy man with an All-American family which just happened to live in the White House. After there were rumors that he had Addisons disease he denied, which was simply a lie (Pergande 2011: 58). Additionally he has been suffering from back pain, allergies, and asthma his whole life (Pergande 2011: 52). Also his image of the All-American family was a construct. During his marriage with Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy he had relationships with several women. The most famous was probably Marilyn Monroe, but he also had an affair with the 27-year-old prostitute Ellen Rometsch and Mary Pinchot Meyer. Until today we do not know how many women he actually had (Pergande 2011: 49-50). Jackie was also very important to maintain the image of the glamorous president (Marschall 2009: 203), because pictures of her were printed in magazines (Pergande 2011: 42). In the media Jackie represented the image of the loving wife, a role she never wanted to play. As a student she said that she never wanted to be a housewife (Pergande 2001: 39-40). Michelle on the other side talks openly to the press and was active during Obamas campaign and presidency (Marshall 2009: 201, 214). And even though Barack Obama wrote about tensions in their marriage, they are, as much as we know of, a happy couple. (Marshall 2009: 212). She also has a dominant appearance with her 1,80m height and a very athletic body (Marshall 2009: 201) unlikely Jackie Kennedy who often appeared doll-like. Conclusion As has been shown, the lives of Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy do have many similarities, but these are only on the outside. John F. Kennedy was a man who knew how to create and maintain a certain image within the press. One can say that he fooled the general public and the created image has little or nothing to do with the person he really was. It seems as if Obamas image is trustworthy and also his family seems authentic, too. Furthermore, their family backgrounds were very different as well. It took more effort from Barack Obama to become a successful politician and later the president of the United States of America than it did for Kennedy. In conclusion one can say that even though Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy seem to have some resemblances during their campaigns the differences between the 35th and 44th president of the United States of America are too big to compare them to each other. This comparison is not fair to either one of them. But in the end, despite all the differences, both presidents created a wave of hope for change in the United States of America, which led to a big cult about their personalities. They managed to move the people and gave them the faith into government back.

Functions Of Database Management System

Functions Of Database Management System Before we start with DBMS we should know what is data. A data is a piece of information, and database is the collection of data that is set in an orderly way. And managing this database is known as Database Management System in short DBMS. The person who manages, creates, controls and maintain this database management system is known as Database Administrator (DBA). Another important term to remember is information. Any data which has been converted to a useful and understandable form is called information. There are some differences between data and information. Data Information Any raw figure or fact is data. For example 6 is a data. A processed form of data is known as information. For example weight = 6 kg is data Data does not help in making decisions. With right information we can make decision. Functions of Database Management System Data Modeling: The structured definition of data storage is known as data modeling. Processing Query: This a mechanism of manipulating the data Concurrency Control: To ensure the accuracy and simultaneous access of the database by multiple users. Security of Information: Security of the database is very important. Crash Recovery: Data recovery after the system crashes. Types of Database users Database Administrator (DBA): The database administrator is the person who who maintains designs and creates the database. Database Designer: A database designer is a person who plans or designs the database. End User: The one who uses the database, it may be that he/she only views the database or it may be that he/she makes the data entries. Make queries, etc There may be different types of end user, for example: Sophisticated: these are the users who has a good knowledge in database and can make queries, with SQL manipulate data with DML (Data Manipulating Language) Specialized: who makes application programs that interacts with the database Native: only interacts with the database via some sophisticated programs Application Programmers: A person who makes applications which interacts with the database using programming language like C++ , Java, etc. He may create a software which gives a easy to use interface to input data into a complex database, so that even the clerks of the office can input data or search for some data from the companies database without knowing Oracle, MySQL or other DBMS software Database Model Database Model is the structure or the format of the data; it may be physical or conceptual. Database Model is also known as database schema. Conceptual Model: Conceptual Model helps to overview the organizational schema rather than the database schema. Physical Model: Physical Model is the database design which means that this model describes the data storage, data structure, etc. basically we get to know about the physical media of the data storage and the mode of access of that data from this model. Frame Memory Model: This type of model is generally used for large manufacturing database application. Modifying the characteristic of the complex database easily and accurately. Unifying Model: in the Unifying Model the Entity-Relation concept has been extended to introduce a new form of diagrammatic representation other than class diagrams. Object Oriented Model: A Object Oriented Model is a data model in which the real life data or entities are organized. Generally Object Oriented Data Model or OODM consists of the following concepts, they are as follows: Object and object identifier Attributes and methods Class Class hierarchy and inheritance Record Based Model: The Record Based Model helps us to specify the overall logical structure of the database. In this type of data bases the numbers of types of data are fixed. And each of the record type or data type has a fixed number of fields with fixed field length. There are three types of record based data model they are: Hierarchical Model: In a Hierarchical Model the data is organized in a form of tree like structure. In this kind of structure the parent à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ child relationship can easily be shown. A very famous use of this kind of database is the Windows Registry developed by Microsoft. 320px-Hierarchical_Model.jpg Network Model: This is a type of database model where it is easy to represent objects and relationship. Its more easier to define many to many relation in this model rather than in the hierarchical model. A well known implementation of Network Model is RDM Server. 320px-Network_Model.jpg Relational Model: The relational model was developed by E.F Codd. The properties of a relational database model are as follows: The columns of table are all homogenous i.e. they are of the same kind. Every item should have simple value. All the relationship of tuples must be distinct. The key value should be used to order the tuples within a relationship. Columns are named distinctly and their ordering is not so important. 280px-Relational_Model_2.jpg Manual Database. A Manual Database is a record kept by a human without the use of any computers or electronic devices. This obviously has many problems like: Searching: It is very difficult to find a particular result from a manual database if the size of the database is huge. Updating: Updating a new entry is also problematic as we have to manually find the old record, scratch it, or erase it then make the new entry. Backing up: Suppose there is a database of 10,000 pages making a manual backup of this database, i.e. a handwritten copy of it will be difficult to make. Sorting: It is virtually impossible to sort the data say names of customers by alphabetic order, etc on a manual database. As we see that making a manual database of a large amount of data becomes impossible to manage so now we use computerized data. Traditional File Processing System One of the earliest forms of computerizing data storage is the file processing system. Creating, sorting, organizing and accessing the content of the file is known as File Processing System. Characteristics of File Processing System. Each file is different from each other. This is a collection of files, or sorted data. Each of the file is called a flat file. Every file contains processed information of a specific function such as one file may be for accounting other file may be of contacts. Files are created by the help of program which are written in C, C++ or COBOL. Drawbacks of the File Processing System. There are many drawbacks of File Processing System. Separated Data Duplicated Data Data Dependency Data inflexibility Problems in representing the data to user. File format problems. Database: A database is a organized form of data. This organization is very important because when the size of data increases it becomes difficult to use or control the data. Database Management System: A DBMS or Database Management System is a collection of data and programs which help us to access and modify those data. The collection of data is called database. The main purpose of DBMS is to efficiently store and control the database. Advantages of DBMS Control Redundancy: With the help of DBMS data redundancy can be controlled. In the File Processing System there used to be data redundancy, which means that the same data stored more than once. Integrity: Maintaining Integrity means that the data stored in the database is accurate and precise. This is very much important as incorrect data can not be stored into the database so some integrity constraints are enabled on the database, to check the accuracy of the database. Avoiding inconsistency: Consider there are two data storage sites of data and some changes are made in one site but those changes are not reflected on the other site for some reasons then it gives rise to data inconsistency. To avoid this data redundancy should be removed if data redundancy is checked it will also remove data inconsistency. Data Sharing: Suppose a same data is required by two databases then that data can be shared from a centralized database. Maintaining standards: As we know that DBMS is a centralized system so it can be standardized effectively. A company database can be standardized in Department Level, National Level, International Level, etc. Preventing unauthorized access: Lots of security can be enabled to prevent the unauthorized access of the data. Passwords and encryptions are enabled in database to provide better security to companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s data. Backup and recovery of data: Data loss can happen at any moment due to number of reasons so it is very much important to create backup so that the data can be recovered if there is any accidental loss of data. Disadvantages of DBMS Complexity: The functionality of DBMS is a very complex process. The database designer, database administrator, developer and the end user should have a clear understanding of the DBMS working and functionality to make it work in a correct way. If they fail to do it DBMS will not work in a proper way. Size: As time passes the size or the volume of data increases which makes the size of database larger. Moving, copying and editing this large amount of data take a considerable time and system resource. Sometimes upgrading RAM or Disk Space becomes necessary to run the DBMS properly Performance: DBMS software tends to run slower than the typical File Processing System. Cost: Cost of implementing the DBMS is high. Sometimes the DBMS software for the specific environment is high, or the upgradeing of hardware to run it becomes costly or when converting from an older system to DBMS the process of conversion of the data costs a lot. Failure rate higher: As it is a centralized system I it fals every operation comes to a halt. Difference between File Management System and Database Management System File Management System Database Management System File management Systems are relatively small in size and volume Database Management Systems are comparatively larger in size. They are cheaper to implement Much costlier to implement It deals with few files It deals with a large number of files. The structure of this system is very simple The structure is very much complex in nature. There are many redundant data. Redundant data is very much reduced. Data inconsistency takes place in File Management System Data inconsistency is checked in the DBMS In File Management System data is isolated. In DBMS data can be shared. There is no security. It is secured. Very simple and primitive form of backup and recovery. Highly sophisticated and complex form of backup and recovery. Mainly single user. Most of the time its multiuser. Less preliminary design Vast preliminary design Purpose of DBMS Database Management System is very useful and is used in many sectors. Some the areas where it is used is given below. Railway: for making the railway enquiry and reservation system to work properly there is a needed of implementing DBMS as all the data has to be stored in a centralized location and the data is then used by every railway stations throughout the country. Banking: As now a days there are many branches of a bank there has to be a DBMS to track and record the transactions of every customers. This will have not been possible if File Management System were used. Schools/Colleges and Universities: To store the records of students like their name, roll number, address, contact number, marks obtained, etc a DBMS is used so that the database can be updated easily. Business and Offices: To store the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sales, profit , etc and its record of employees a sophisticated DBMS is used. Instances and Schemas The database changes from time to time, the information which is stored in the database at a particular time is known as Instance. A Schema is a overall design of the database . QUESTIONS What do you mean by DBMS? A DBMS or Database Management System is a collection of data and programs which help us to access and modify those data. The collection of data is called database. The main purpose of DBMS is to efficiently store and control the database. How does DBMS differs from MS Excel? What are the differences between data and information? What is the difference between Conceptual Model and Physical Model? Conceptual Model: Conceptual Model helps to overview the organizational schema rather than the database schema. Physical Model: Physical Model is the database design which means that this model describes the data storage, data structure, etc. basically we get to know about the physical media of the data storage and the mode of access of that data from this model. What are the difference between Traditional File Management System and Database Management System? Traditional File Management System Database Management System File management Systems are relatively small in size and volume Database Management Systems are comparatively larger in size. They are cheaper to implement Much costlier to implement It deals with few files It deals with a large number of files. The structure of this system is very simple The structure is very much complex in nature. There are many redundant data. Redundant data is very much reduced. Data inconsistency takes place in File Management System Data inconsistency is checked in the DBMS In File Management System data is isolated. In DBMS data can be shared. There is no security. It is secured. Very simple and primitive form of backup and recovery. Highly sophisticated and complex form of backup and recovery. Mainly single user. Most of the time its multiuser. Less preliminary design Vast preliminary design What do you mean by Data Duplicity? Data Duplicity means repetition of the same data more than once in the same database. Data Duplicity causes lot of problems like: It is waste of time and money. It leads to loss of data integrity. It takes up additional storage and increases the size of the database which effects the search time. What do you mean by Data Dependency? In a File Processing System the specific physical format of file and record were hard coded on the application programs. So a change in database format required the codes to be updated. What is data isolation? Data Isolation means a data which is isolated form other databases that means when data can not be shared. It is not possible to share data in a File Processing System so the data remains in a isolated condition. Write down the necessary steps to secure a data into a database. What do you mean by redundant data? Data Redundancy means duplication of data. A same data may be present more than onces leading to data inconsistency. Write down the applications of Database Management System. There are many applications of Database Management System , some of them are explained below: Railway: for making the railway enquiry and reservation system to work properly there is a needed of implementing DBMS as all the data has to be stored in a centralized location and the data is then used by every railway stations throughout the country. Banking: As now a days there are many branches of a bank there has to be a DBMS to track and record the transactions of every customers. This will have not been possible if File Management System were used. Schools/Colleges and Universities: To store the records of students like their name, roll number, address, contact number, marks obtained, etc a DBMS is used so that the database can be updated easily. Business and Offices: To store the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s sales, profit , etc and its record of employees a sophisticated DBMS is used. Who are the End Users? How many types of End Users are there in DBMS? End User: The one who uses the database, it may be that he/she only views the database or it may be that he/she makes the data entries. Make queries, etc There may be different types of end user, for example : Sophisticated: these are the users who has a good knowledge in database and can make queries, with SQL manipulate data with DML (Data Manipulating Language) Specialized: who makes application programs that interacts with the database Native: only interacts with the database via some sophisticated programs

The Unusual Protagonist of Grettirs Saga :: Grettir Saga Essays

The Unusual Protagonist of Grettir's Saga  Ã‚   The decision to make Grettir the protagonist for Grettir's Saga is an interesting if not unusual choice on the part of the author(s). Examination of this atypical choice speaks volumes about the Icelandic society in the 13th century, when it is believed the saga was written down, as well as Icelandic society during the 10th century, when the majority of the action in the saga occurs. Before we begin an analysis and examination of Grettir, however, it is important to understand what a saga is and the purpose it serves. The author of Grettir's Saga is unknown. In fact, there is actually more than one author. Sagas were not written down until the 13th century at the earliest, yet they cover events that occurred even before the founding of Iceland between 830-950 (Hastrup 150-51). The reason for this discrepancy is that sagas began as oral stories. The sagas were passed down from generation to generation orally until they were written down in the 13th century. This is why there are actually multiple authors to the saga. Each time the saga was told, it was not told exactly the same. As the storytellers changed, so to did some of the events of the saga. While the changes made to the saga by the storytellers were not significant to change it's overall meaning, they do have the ability to enhance certain feats by Grettir, attacking the credibility of the story if dwelled upon. However, while certain events may not be completely true, the message that Grettir portrays and the issues that he represents are true and accurate. It is important to remember that the saga was considered a history, but was not to be used as a primary source for information. It served better when considered a vehicle for transporting traditional wisdom based on historical knowledge (Hastrup 143). Grettir was an unusual choice as a protagonist because he was an outlaw. He did not possess many heroic qualities and was not the typical protagonist that was liked by many of the characters in the novel or saga. Grettir was actually disliked by many and constantly in trouble with the law. Grettir's exploits were humane at times and bordered on heroic but his misdeeds weighed heavily against him. The author(s) of the saga took a chance by using Grettir as their protagonist.

Feminism and Gibsons Neuromancer :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Today many women are stereotyped in their jobs and social roles as defined by society as a whole. William Gibson's Neuromancer where one woman is used for specific reasons. The female character, Molly, is used for sex and her body is used for other sexual performances. In this book we find numerous examples of how she is being used sexually and how she must act in her job to survive. The author uses horrific examples that are related to how some women are treated today. The feminist approach is used throughout this book because of how the character Molly is being treated. In the second chapter of the book Molly is known as a "Working Girl", which means prostitute. Here in this chapter we find the first example of how Molly is being used for sex. "His head throbbed, but the brittleness in his neck seemed to retreat. He raised himself on one elbow, rolled sank back against the foam, pulling her down, licking her breasts, small hard nipples sliding wet across his cheek. He found the zip on the leather jeans and tugged it down"(Gibson32-33). This scene occurs right after Case's surgery. You might ask, the question, Is being used for sex really part of her job? Or was she attracted to work with Case? That could be a major confusion when reading this book. Something very similar to the scene just described also occurs in Chapter 11. The character Riveria performs a piece that he calls "The Doll." He imagines Molly's body as he wants it to be. A line from the book states "Then the torso formed as Riviera caressed it into being, white, headless, and perfect, sheened with the faintest gloss of sweat"(140). This ungodly performance can make any woman sick to her stomach. It is hard to believe one man's behavior could be that stereotypical as he regards a woman. Unfortunately, in today's society that is something that is not unusual. Women are represented as developing different qualities to be successful in their jobs. In this book Molly is known as highly dominant and very knowledgeable in what she does. Not only in just this book, but in real life situations women have to demonstrate these strong characteristics to be recognized for their hard work. Other women have to have these qualities just to be noticed. In this book Molly has to be this way so she can protect herself from men, and she also has to have these qualities so she will be recognized for her hard work.

Interracial Adoption Essay -- Social Issues, Foster Care, Racial Relat

Imagine being a child without a family, longing for to be living in place to call home you, and feeling incomplete because you do not have a place where you belong. Many children in foster care or orphanages are faced with similar feelings. Children who live in the United States often wait years to be adopted and in most cases, the minority children wait twice as long to be placed with families of their own ethnic background. One article by Linda Johnson Price, the president and CEO of Ebony magazine and a woman who was also adopted, discussed the fact that there are around 500,000 children in foster care waiting to be placed into a home and that close to 45 percent of those children are black (Rice, 2007). She also specifies that the Department of Health and Human Services has studies that show that African Americans wait longer than any other race and that adoption experts say that black children are deemed special needs children and it does not necessarily have to do with their me ntal or physical capabilities (Rice, 2007). The number of minority children waiting to be adopted will continue to rise unless we come up with a solution. One way to address the issue with the long wait process that these children experience is to consider interracial adoption. This type of adoption refers to potential parents who choose to adopt a child or children of a different race, culture, or ethnicity from their own. In order to address the disproportion of minority children who wait to be adopted, we must first consider the requirements one faces to be able to be a perspective adopting parent. The adoption process starts off by choosing an adoption agency. Next, the agency will send someone to the prospective parents’ home to gather informat... ...ion will say that parents who adopt children of different ethnicities are not capable of caring or educating the child simply because of the cultural differences. The critics opinion has merit in the since that the parents cannot teach the child to be their race but they can provide love and raise them to be responsible adults. In the end we must consider which is more important, being able to find a child a loving family when race is not a factor or waiting for an indefinite time to try to find a family of the same race. If you are thinking about which is more important remember that for every twenty children who are in foster care at least nine of them wait an extended amount of time to be adopted. All children deserve a loving home and although we live in an imperfect society our children should not have to experience the feeling of not being wanted or loved.

How Macbeths Ambition Leads To His Demise English Literature Essay

What sort of brainsick actions would person hold to make to turn everyone who he thought he believed was his household, his friends, his Alliess, his land, against him? Macbeth is a adult male with aspiration, excessively much aspiration, which in the terminal leads to his tragic death. He begins as a baronial Scots Godhead, loves his married woman, friends with merely about everyone in his state. But his greed, his lecherousness for power, is what drags him down. His judgement is skewed ; he can merely see thoughts that will assist him obtain what he wants. The purposes of this essay Banquo. He was at that place when the wiches gave himself and Macbeth their phantoms, Banquo knows, Banquo suspects Macbeth of the Murder, because Macbeth had a motivation to make so. But when Macbeth picks up on Banquo ‘s intuition, Macbeth decides to move hurriedly. He hires 2 liquidators to kill Banquo, but besides sends a 3rd liquidator to maintain these first 2 liquidators in line. This is a mark of Macbeth ‘s paranoia, that he ca n't swear these work forces who are making immoralities for him. Macbeth knows that Banquo, and his boy fleance, would be coming to the banquette he has organised for the Scots Godheads. But Macbeth knows that Banquo wo n't be fall ining them that dark. Macbeth ‘s paranoia is still increasing, he is willing to kill his best friend, and his boy to remain on the throne and maintain the prognostication from coming true. Subsequently throughout the drama, Macbeth begins to lose his sense of humanity. He loses so much, in fact, that when he finds out about Macduff ‘s fleeing to England, he sends some liquidators to kill his household. His fury and authoritarian nature at this point sends him to make the most evil things without believing about it. This action, killing Macduff ‘s household, leads to the turning of Macduff, from ally to enemy. This is merely another twenty-four hours of work in Macbeth ‘s head now, but to others, it is a atrocious, evil thing that he has merely accomplished. Macbeth begins to corner himself. He cuts himself off from the outside universe. His married woman, who he loved and cared approximately at the start, has become stray, she feels the guilt of killing Duncan, and is easy traveling mad. Macbeth is so concerned about keeping onto the throne, he loses all human emotion. The aspiration has taken over him. He merely thinks of one thing. The throne. He has lost all his Alliess. He has lost all his friends. But there is one thing that Macbeth has kept with him this whole clip, his aspiration, which is n't needfully a good thing. He has put everything he wanted foremost, and left everything that is of import last, and has sealed his ain ruin. His warped sense of what is right and incorrect, and how to make things are skewed, he can non see the truth. His actions and whatever he does are wholly different to what another individual would name normal. In the terminal, he is described as a â€Å" dead meatman † ( V.ix.36 ) by Malcolm, the new male monarch of Scotland. Macbeth ‘s ruin is a consequence of his tragic defect which is his â€Å" overreaching aspiration, which o'erleaps itself † ( cubic decimeter, vii,27 ) . It made him non recognize that his desire for power became an obsessional trait ; because of it he was ne'er to the full satisfied with the power that he had. This made him travel on murdering after the first slaying which crowned him king. In the terminal he became a autocrat and his ain people lead him to his decease. Macbeth ‘s position of world became deformed. He saw things in such a manner that were in his favor merely. This impaired his judgement which in bend lead him to do the incorrect determinations. The incorrect determinations that he made resulted in his licking and unsightly decease. Through Macbeth ‘s changeless demand to carry through his aspiration he became really involved with himself and failed to take other people into consideration. This made him lose his feelings towards people partic ularly those that cared for him most. In the terminal this loss of emotion left him entirely and it lead to his ruin. These traits that Macbeth developed throughout the drama are due to the fact that he could non derive control of his aspiration that grew more with clip and lead to his tragic death.

Psychology of Human Sexuality

65 million volume be sustentation with an incurable STI (Sexu all in ally Transmitted Infection) in the united States. This is an extremely high recite which includes umpteen different types and forms of diseases. Some ar curable and others are non. So this is a coarse problem in the USA and all over the world that I had no idea ab come to the fore or countersink much thought into. It is incredible the crowing number of masses with STIs and the suppuration rate. This truly is in every feel of the word a pandemic as referred to in the book.I pull up stakes controvert a few involvements from this chapter close to STIs that I found approximately elicit besides the STIs themselves that almost do me hurl imputable to some of the vivid pictures. Some issues that are cogitate and train to be learned include the ask of symptoms, neediness of accurate breeding, un hefty associationable emotions and attitudes, poor informal communication, and substance debauch a nd its relation to STIs. All of the above menti superstard things I will discuss are authoritative to me because they are risk factors that I needed to learn and be awake of.For example, not all STIs stimulate symptoms or show signs of physical problems such as rashes or a discharge. Most cozy transmitted infections have symptoms that are ofttimes absent. That is scary callable to the fact people whitethorn not manage they are infected and maintain their normal cozy exercise with no knowledge of infecting others. This is a huge problem to me because its not equal people carry their results with them of their inhabit STI test results. In my case I get tried in 3 days due to the fact ignorance is felicity and I tangle witht want to be irresponsible in my actions.I also think that some people dont get time-tested for the mere fact they unless dont want to know withal if they have been involved in notional tripual behaviors. Asymptomatic means that symptoms may not be produced at all. not know if you are infected and affecting others authorizes to a bigger problem because most STIs leads to greater health problems surmount the road. A energizeual act of of slam or lust lav publish into a nightmare. Lack of knowledge is a huge risk factor because the number of our youth participating in wakeual activities is indeed increase. They par bespeak in unwritten sex and think it is ok because maternity rumpt occur.However, being one of these ignorant kids years ago myself I didnt know that oral sex increases the chances of STIs or what an STI was. Especially, these hormone and knowledgeablely driven kids dont cautiousness or have the knowledge of shrewd the ease at which STIs crowd out spread through sexual activity and oral sex, or even the lack of knowing how severe this problem can occur. Ive heard a cover of my friends say oh man I just got tested after I drug-addicted up with that slut and Im clean, guess I dodged a bullet. It is a co mplete joke and the severity of these issues is not driven home properly.Sexual emotions and attitudes are something I have learned to be true. I know a stack of girls who were told sex is bad by their parents and they seemed to take it out on their college exploits. Avoiding the safe sex talk and that sex is not a horrible thing when handled correctly can lead to better understanding and ending making by the child. Also, the the fear and patsy of people who have STIs or dont want to be tested for fear they might have one creates more issues for them and may lead to them not telling their partner out of shame and embarrassment.This I thought I knew however this chapter justified that thought. I for legitimate learned that sexual communication is important for a healthy sexual relationship. It is healthy for my relationship and makes things more comfortable and easy. I learned that not just condoms and knowledge are important in preventing STIs, except communication has an ess ential role as well. Parents must discuss safe sex with their children and openly discuss sexual matters due to the fact it is normal eventually inevitable. lecture to your partner about being tested or that you have an STI is the responsible thing to do.I knew that substance abuse had to symbolize a role in increasing the chances for the spread of STIs. it only makes sense due to the fact we all know what it feels like to be under the consumption of alcoholic drink where our morals and principles go at that point. Things fit more in the moment as mentioned in the book and risky sexual behavior is more likely to occur. For example, I know a lot about this from attending San Diego State University a big party school in California, but the statistics provided in the book that 1 in 5 teens reports having unprotected sex date under the influence of drugs and lcohol just solidifies that theory. I learned a lot and was shock about the STI pandemic and all the issues related such as t he lack of information and health risks associated with it. This really does scare me to know that my previous partners could have unknowingly passed an STI to me. I was tested before my girlfriend and I started dating but I will get tested again in three days just to be sure. It is really important to do so and people should be made aware of the severity and problems related to STIs followed by knowledge and prevention methods. I am thankful for this class and my newfound knowledge.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.