Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Essay -- Science Religion Papers

Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Cloning is an exciting and current field of operations of study with many great possibilities, and negative drawbacks this leaves many Christians wrestling with the opinion of clone, trying to decide where to stand on, for or against it. To follow, in the paper is an account of what clone is and the uses of cloning at the present and projected in the future. After that the localise will be on the problems with cloning from a non-ethical stance. Finally the bulge out of cloning and Christians views on it will be addressed.What is Cloning? desoxyribonucleic acid Cloning Cloning, upon source hearing the word cloning, the thought of Dolly the sheep pops into the mind. The low gear and close used type of cloning though is not the type that creates animals, and rather desoxyribonucleic acid cloning. Cloning is an umbrella term that science uses to imply the duplicate of biological material.(Human Genome Project) Cloning is further broken dow n into three categories. The first is desoxyribonucleic acid cloning, which is the replication of desoxyribonucleic acid strands. DNA cloning is usually the surgical process of acquiring a cell to copy a desired gene for us. DNA cloning has been used since the 1970s and has persisted as an effective cheap nitty-gritty of replicating DNA of interest in a foreign host cell. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been boil down with the same restriction enzymes.(Human Genome Project) Plasmids are not part of the chromosome but they replicate along with the cell when it replicates and divides. Since they are not a part of the chromosome they are easier to isolate and manipulate without affecting the cells function. When the f... ...l D. (2002). Researchers Report First Evidence That Nuclear transplant ( alterative Cloning) Can Eliminate Tissue Rejection. (Adv anced Cell Technologies Press Release). Retrieved November 28, 2004, from http//www.advancedcell.com/2002-06-02.htm prevalent ReferencesCameron, Nigel, (2003) Cloning at Christmas a reflective commentary. The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from http//www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=43Ham, K., Looy, M., (2004). The scientific and Scriptural case against human cloning. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.answersingenesis.org/docs2001/1127cloning.aspMcGee, Glenn, (2001). Primer on ethics and Human Cloning. ActionBioscience.org. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Essay -- Science morality PapersCan Cloning and Christianity Coexist Cloning is an exciting and ongoing field of study with many great possibilities, and negative drawbacks this leaves many Christians wrestling with the idea of cloning, trying to decide where to stand on, for or against it. To follow, in the paper is an explanation of what cloning is and the uses of cloning at the present and projected in the future. After that the focus will be on the problems with cloning from a non-ethical stance. Finally the issue of cloning and Christians views on it will be addressed.What is Cloning? DNA Cloning Cloning, upon first hearing the word cloning, the thought of Dolly the sheep pops into the mind. The first and most used type of cloning though is not the type that creates animals, but rather DNA cloning. Cloning is an umbrella term that science uses to indicate the duplication of biological material.(Human Genome Project) Cloning is further broken down into three categories. The first is DNA cloning, which is the replication of DNA strands. DNA cloning is usually the process of getting a cell to replicate a desired gene for us. DNA cloning has been used since the 1970s and has persisted as an effect ive cheap means of replicating DNA of interest in a foreign host cell. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes.(Human Genome Project) Plasmids are not part of the chromosome but they replicate along with the cell when it replicates and divides. Since they are not a part of the chromosome they are easier to isolate and manipulate without affecting the cells function. When the f... ...l D. (2002). Researchers Report First Evidence That Nuclear Transplantation (Therapeutic Cloning) Can Eliminate Tissue Rejection. (Advanced Cell Technologies Press Release). Retrieved November 28, 2004, from http//www.advancedcell.com/2002-06-02.htmGeneral ReferencesCameron, Nigel, (2003) Cloning at Christmas a reflective commentary. The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from http//www.thecbc.org/re designed/research_display.php?id=43Ham, K., Looy, M., (2004). The scientific and Scriptural case against human cloning. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.answersingenesis.org/docs2001/1127cloning.aspMcGee, Glenn, (2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. ActionBioscience.org. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Essay -- Science Religion PapersCan Cloning and Christianity Coexist Cloning is an exciting and ongoing field of study with many great possibilities, and negative drawbacks this leaves many Christians wrestling with the idea of cloning, trying to decide where to stand on, for or against it. To follow, in the paper is an explanation of what cloning is and the uses of cloning at the present and projected in the future. After that the focus will be on the problems with cloning from a non-ethical stance. Finally the issue of cloning and Christians views on it will be addressed.What is Cloning? DNA Cloning Cloning, upon first hearing the word cloning, the thought of Dolly the sheep pops into the mind. The first and most used type of cloning though is not the type that creates animals, but rather DNA cloning. Cloning is an umbrella term that science uses to indicate the duplication of biological material.(Human Genome Project) Cloning is further broken down into three categories. The first is DNA cloning, which is the replication of DNA strands. DNA cloning is usually the process of getting a cell to replicate a desired gene for us. DNA cloning has been used since the 1970s and has persisted as an effective cheap means of replicating DNA of interest in a foreign host cell. To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes.(Human Genome Project) Plasmids are no t part of the chromosome but they replicate along with the cell when it replicates and divides. Since they are not a part of the chromosome they are easier to isolate and manipulate without affecting the cells function. When the f... ...l D. (2002). Researchers Report First Evidence That Nuclear Transplantation (Therapeutic Cloning) Can Eliminate Tissue Rejection. (Advanced Cell Technologies Press Release). Retrieved November 28, 2004, from http//www.advancedcell.com/2002-06-02.htmGeneral ReferencesCameron, Nigel, (2003) Cloning at Christmas a reflective commentary. The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network. Retrieved October 3, 2004 from http//www.thecbc.org/redesigned/research_display.php?id=43Ham, K., Looy, M., (2004). The scientific and Scriptural case against human cloning. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.answersingenesis.org/docs2001/1127cloning.aspMcGee, Glenn, (2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. ActionBiosci ence.org. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from http//www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html

No Sugar by Jack Davis: Exposes the Mistreatment of Australian Aborigi

Today, in the 20th Century, it is a commonly known fact in Australia, and throughout the rest of the world, that Aborigines were mistreated from since western culture first settled, and for many a(prenominal) years after that. It is the main purpose of stage playing periods to bring issues, such as the unrivaled mentioned above, and ideas slightly these issues to life through dramatic performances and the use of a number of various techniques. No Sugar, a revisionist text written by Jack Davis in 1985, is one of these stage dramas. Jack Davis brings issues and even expresses his own ideas about issues such as the injustices of Aboriginal treatment during the 1930s, to life in No Sugar genuinely well because No Sugar is a revisionist text, and therefore offers a new perspective of an Aboriginal point of view, on events which occurred during the time of the issue at hand.No Sugar, the revisionist stage drama written by Jack Davis, is about the mistreatment of Aborigines in Austral ia during the 1930s. More specifically, it is about the Millimurra family, and their struggle against white protection and being treated like objects in their own land. The stage drama is mainly set in Northam, and Moore River, in Western Australia. Davis explored issues surrounding the treatment of Aborigines during this period, and reflects his own ideas about these issues. One issue that is highlighted about this period in No Sugar is how Aborigines were discriminated against, for no reason other than having coloured skin. An example of this is in Act One, Scene One, when Cissie is complaining because when her and her brother go to buy apples they get given bad, shrivelled up ones, and the white children get big, juicy ones.Aw Mum, Old Tony the ding always sells us little s... ...f the depression and that many people atomic number 18 suffering from hunger and deprivation of many essential elements which make for a contended existence. But you in this small corner of the Empire are fortunate enough in being provided for with adequate food and shelter.Act IV. Sc. (v) Page 97.Using dialogue, Davis again shows to the highest degree the amount that Aborigines were disregarded and marginalised in society. Because the lecturer knows that Aborigines are underprovided, and have to steal and hunt for sufficient food, they see that, as stated by Jimmy, A.O. Neville is talkin outa his kwon and completely disregarding the Aborigines as citizens of Australia.In his revisionary stage drama No Sugar Jack Davis has manipulated narrative and theatrical elements such as characterisation, symbolism and dialogue to present the plays many issues throughout the text.

Spielberg Bio :: essays research papers

Steven Allan Spielberg was born December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to parents Arnold, an electrical engineer, and Leah, a former concert pianist. Spielberg was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where his love for claim and business savvy were unceasingly apparent. At age 12, he used the money he earned from his tree-planting business to fund his first amateur film, for which he as well wrote the script. stardom is no attainment fiction Despite his early experience with filmmaking -- he made Escape to Nowhere, a 40-minute war movie at 13, and a 140-minute film entitled Firelight at 16 (science-fiction, of course) -- he was still rejected from USCs prestigious filmmaking program twice. Spielberg attended California State University instead, where he received his BA in English, and where he also studied cinema. The aspiring filmmaker finally got his rite of passage into television after his short film, Amblin (also the name of Spielbergs independent company) received much praise at the Atlanta Film Festival. A 20-year-old Spielberg landed a 7-year contract with Universal-MCA, making him one of the youngest TV coachs there. Spielberg worked on television shows such as Marcus Welby, M.D. and Colombo, and the pilot instalment for the series Night Gallery, which starred Joan Crawford (he and Crawford had remained close friends until her death). As for film, Spielberg worked on made-for-TV movies like Something Evil (1972) and Savage (1973), but it was 1972s Duel which made everyone raise their eyebrows. It became a cult classic and helped forge his way into cinema. express to success Spielbergs entrance into film was marked by 1974s The Sugarland Express, which marked him as a Hollywood up-and-comer. But it was the film Jaws that would not only instill a fear of the ocean for people it also launched Spielberg to A-list status and solidified what we now know as the summer blockbuster. When pixilated Encounters of the Third Kind was released in 1977, it was clea r that Spielberg was a force to be reckoned with the Academy also recognized his skills by honoring him with a Best handler Oscar nomination. With hits come misses, and Spielberg had some of those too, namely, his first comedic attempt, 1941. The film flopped, but with the coming of a new decade, Spielberg had the force to strive ahead and become the most powerful director of his time. Spielberg and his buddy, fellow movie powerhouse George Lucas, joined efforts to make a little film called Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, which Spielberg directed.

Essay on Oppression in The Yellow Wallpaper, At the Cadian Ball, and Th

Fighting Oppression in The colour Wallpaper, At the Cadian Ball, and The Storm In their whole kit and boodle, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin show that freedom was non worldwide in America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The three works, The Yellow Wallpaper, At the Cadian Ball, and The Storm expose the oppression of women by society. This works also illustrate that those women who were passive in the face of this oppression risk losing non only their identity, but their sanity as well. Gilmans female narrator, who either chose not to fight this tradition or was unable to do so, loses her sanity at the hands of an oppressive male-dominated American society. The narrator feels certain that the rest cure convinced(p) by her doctor is not working. She says that the men in her life are wrong to limit her activity. She feels that she could escape her depression if given the chance. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. I believe that congenial work , with excitement and change, would do me good.1 But despite this knowledge, the narrator does not act out against what she believes to be the incorrect ideas of the men who introduce her and make her mental illness worse. Her growing insanity is inspired by and represented in the wallpaper of the storys title. The pattern on the wallpaper represents to the narrator and to the ref the male-dominated society that is depriving the narrator of her freedom. For the narrator, on a personal level, the pattern on the wallpaper represents the actions of her husband, doctor and her husbands sister to keep her locked in the room and idle. While these mint are ostensibly attempting to aid the narrator, they are in effect imprisoning her i... ...he Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator does not act out and she loses her sanity. In At the Cadian Ball, Clarisse acts out and she is successful. Calixta does not act out and she submits to a marriage to a man for whom she feels less passion. In The St orm, Clarisse continues to be happy because she acts in a manner that suits her. She goes away when she feels similar it and both she and Alcee are happy. The theme that is recurrent in these stories is that it is important for a womans happiness and well-being to act out against an unjust society. Works Cited * 1 The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 1994, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, p. 646. * 2 Ibid, p. 653. * 3 The Storm, Kate Chopin, The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 1994, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, p. 493.

Design and Construction of The Titanic Essay -- essays research papers

1135 p.m. the deadly iceberg was spotted. Margaret Brown was sitting is her bunk indulged in a book, when she was thrown across the room, off of her bed from the partake of the crash. The engine stopped at once and nothing dangerous had occurred, yet. At 1200 a.m. there was serious flooding in the crew?s quarters. Many demanded lifesavers and there was much uproar. Putting on layers of clothing along with stuffing money into her pockets, Margaret Brown would be prepared. Margaret headed towards the lifeboats. Now the commotion was at an every time high. To keep the people calm, there was a band playing in the background. First class passengers had left money and jewels in the purser?s office, but it was locked due to the predicament. Some of the first class passengers threatened to sue the White Star Line because of the inconvenience. Margaret helped many people to their lifeboats and attempted to comfort some of the upset(a) passengers. The big was almost submerged, Margaret he lped to load people and was seated on boat 6. Margaret remembers, ?Suddenly there was a rift in the water, the sea opened up and the surface foamed like giant arms that spread around the ship? (Landau 15). Suddenly the ocean liner Carpathia came to their rescue. Only about 31% of the passengers on the Titanic survived including the brave heroine, Margaret Brown.The doomed fates of the Titanic reserve motivated much preaching concerning why it was a disaster. The Titanic boasted unsinkable status and its demise will concern the way we take a crap ships today and how we boast them. A passenger of the Titanic states, ?The design and construction skills of the yard were outstanding, and the captain E.J. Smith and workforce took great preen (Adams 10). The ... ...hers only felt a light bump. Titanic survivor Violet Jessop recalls, ?I lay lazily reflecting on many things, comfortable and drowsy. Crash ? thence a low, rending, crunching, ripping sound, as Titanic shivered a trifle an d the sound of her engines gently ceased? (Graham 126).In conclusion, the tremendous loss of life stirred a discussion to the cause of the failed sail. The 50,000-ton ship will be forever peaceful at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The brave heroines of the Titanic, both alive and dead will be remembered. Cruise Line ships today have put in much more precaution concerning safety. Luxury was put before safety in the Titanic. Today, ships have many more lifeboats and they are careful of the weather. The Titanic unsinkable status may have caused an ironic demise to the sail. The failure will affect how we build ships today and how we boast them.

Design and Construction of The Titanic Essay -- essays research papers

1135 p.m. the deadly iceberg was spotted. Margaret Brown was sitting is her bunk indulged in a book, when she was thrown across the room, off of her bed from the dissemble of the crash. The engine stopped at once barely nothing dangerous had occurred, yet. At 1200 a.m. there was serious flooding in the crew?s quarters. Many demanded lifesavers and there was much uproar. Putting on layers of clothing along with stuffing money into her pockets, Margaret Brown would be prepared. Margaret headed towards the lifeboats. Now the commotion was at an every last(predicate) time high. To keep the people calm, there was a band playing in the background. First class passengers had left money and jewels in the purser?s office, but it was locked due to the predicament. Some of the first class passengers threatened to sue the White Star Line because of the inconvenience. Margaret helped many people to their lifeboats and attempted to comfort some of the upset(a) passengers. The big was almost s ubmerged, Margaret helped to load people and was seated on boat 6. Margaret remembers, ?Suddenly there was a rift in the water, the sea opened up and the surface foamed like giant arms that spread around the ship? (Landau 15). Suddenly the ocean liner Carpathia came to their rescue. Only about 31% of the passengers on the Titanic survived including the brave heroine, Margaret Brown.The doomed fates of the Titanic save motivated much discussion concerning why it was a disaster. The Titanic boasted unsinkable status and its demise will shine the way we public figure ships today and how we boast them. A passenger of the Titanic states, ?The design and construction skills of the yard were outstanding, and the captain E.J. Smith and workforce took great insolence (Adams 10). The ... ...hers only felt a light bump. Titanic survivor Violet Jessop recalls, ?I lay lazily reflecting on many things, comfortable and drowsy. Crash ? therefore a low, rending, crunching, ripping sound, as T itanic shivered a trifle and the sound of her engines gently ceased? (Graham 126).In conclusion, the tremendous loss of life stirred a discussion to the cause of the failed sail. The 50,000-ton ship will be forever peaceful at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. The brave heroines of the Titanic, both alive and dead will be remembered. Cruise Line ships today have put in much more precaution concerning safety. Luxury was put before safety in the Titanic. Today, ships have many more lifeboats and they are careful of the weather. The Titanic unsinkable status may have caused an ironic demise to the sail. The failure will affect how we build ships today and how we boast them.

ALS Disease Psychological Aspects

This paper explores the psychological profile of longanimouss with Amyotrophic lateral pass sclerosis (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Aside from the animal(prenominal) challenges experienced by unhurrieds, they also have to endure psychological replaces much(prenominal) as low gear and defense lawyers. There are several factors that whitethorn contribute to the psychosocial profile of a longanimous such as course of severity, epoch, onset of disease, beat span, and dependence on machines like respirator.This paper examines the psychological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and how it affects the family and support team. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), commonly known as Lou Gehrigs disease is a progressive degenerative disease attacking the brain and spinal cord. The destruction of the nerve cells, called neurons, in the bodys upper and lower motor neurons leads to the inability of the voluntary muscles to function shapel y ( field Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2008).With the death of the muscles, ALS patients go away have impaired use of their arms and legs. Loss of control is the label of ALS. As the disease progresses, the patient will have trouble accomplishing day-to-day activities like eating, tooth brushing and putting on clothes (Olney, 2005, p. 8). Furthermore, the patients quick will suffer and in the end, a ventilator will be needed (2005). Although the disease is debilitating, it does not impinge on the patients senses- sight, taste, and smell, control and touch (2008).There are three diagnostic factors in ALS clinical features such as weakness and involuntary muscle contractions, having positive results of electromyography (EMG), MRI and subscriber line tests) and ruling out other disorders (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis troupe of Canada, n. d. p. 1). Not only is the etiology of ALS unknown but there is also no cure for it, which makes the disease more frustrating . The drugs and treatments currently available are targeted only to mitigate ALS symptoms.Given the complexity of the disease, it is not surprising to find that ALS-afflicted patients endure physical symptoms as well as cognitive and behavioral changes like memory and speech problems and emotional distress (Levine, n. d. ). Another study reports the onset of depression and defense in ALS patients (Houpt, Gould, and Norris, 1977). Given the grim prognosis that accompanies the disease, there are ALS cases when the patient undergoes severe psychological/ social/ spiritual distress. After all, ALS is a life-changing event for an mortal(a) and his/her loved ones (Ciechoski, 2002, p. 9).Typically an individual facing the end of life undergoes what psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler-Ross the five stages of dying denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 437). The same phases may also apply in patients with ALS (Ciechoski, 2002, p. 12). In an ALS Patien t Profile project, it was found that ALS patients experience greater bouts with depression- 60% compared to the 16 -20% exhibited by the normal and fit population (McDonald, 1992). This can be construed as a sign that the ALS patient is overwhelmed with sadness, apathy and feelings of worth slightness.Depression, after all, is a normal reaction in individuals diagnosed with a life-threatening disease (Ciechoski, 2002, p. 15). Another study concurs with finding, adding that aside from depression ALS patients are also more to go by dint of denial as a response pattern (Houpt, Gould, and Norris, 1977). Denial, as Kubler-Ross suggests, is the first in a sequence people undertake as they await death. It means that the individual refuses to accept the diagnosis and swears that everything is all right. The study conducted by Drs. Houpt, Gould, and Norris reports that 22.5 percent of ALS patients are major deniers (1977). Again, this is something common to an individual coping with change s. For example, an ALS patient may refrain using a wheelchair even though he/she is clearly demonstrating difficulty universe mobile. It may take some epoch before the patient finally accepts the situation and resorts to using a wheelchair. However, this does denote giving up or succumbing to the disease but merely a sign that the patient is looking at after his/ her well-being. In doing so, the patient will have a sense of control (p. 17).Yet, another research shows that ALS-afflicted patients suffer from behavioral instability- displaying polarity in emotions, from being overly reactive and exaggerated to being extremely reticent and dull (Levine, n. d. ). There is also an increased chance of the patient becoming withdrawn, becoming less interactive and shying away from interaction with others, as well as professing lack of insight (n. d. ). Likewise, the patient may start having troubles qualification decision. Decision making in a serious ailment such as ALS is crucial, thus is requires a great amount of flexibility and creativity (Ciechoski, 2002, p.18). Among the issues that need to be addressed by the patient are living accommodations, employing caregiver services, use of ventilator and feeding tube, family and work life, and even the subject of creating a living will (p. 21). Decision making should be consulted with the family, medical and support group but ultimately it must be stressed that it is the patient that makes the final decision (p. 22). patronage the torrents of emotions experienced by the patient, it is not suffice to conclude that ALS patients have a predictable psychosocial profile.There have been studies indicating that some ALS patients only go through mild depression or none at all (McDonald, 1992). There are several factors that contribute to the psychosocial profile of an ALS patient- the onset of the disease, age of acquisition, seriousness of ALS, extent of the disease, reliance on respirator and other medical machines, and r ate of deterioration (1992). It was found that the onset of the symptoms do no factor in the patients psychosocial status (1992). It will also be a factor when there are unresolved issues on the patients part former to diagnosis.On the other hand, age contributes to the patients well-being. ALS patients that are diagnosed during late adulthood (over 65 years old) tend to be more depressed and insoluble than those diagnosed in their younger years (1992). While ALS may not primarily be the root of depression, if one is to follow Kubler-Ross stages of dying, depression is a normal reaction when the subject of end-of-life id talked. An ALS diagnosis will only aggravate the fear. In addition, when a patient exhibits an acute presentation of ALS, the probability of it affecting the individuals psychosocial status intensifies.The same assumption, on the other hand, does not apply to the length of ALS. When one is faced with ALS, the prognosis is grim, giving the patient a time life of 3- 5 years (1992). However, current data shows that there are ALS patients, roughly 18-42%, outliving the five year mark (1992). Thus, it can be deduced that it is not age but the patients will and family support that help him/her uplift his/her psychosocial welfare. When an ALS patient suffers rapid deterioration, his/ her psychosocial profile is also affected.Furthermore, it was found that the longer the patient has been diagnosed with ALS, the more distressed he/she can be (1992). The same is applied to patients whose symptoms have worsened, thus have the need to rely on respirators and other machines. much(prenominal) individuals may feel more helpless, affecting their attitudes and behaviors. As with any illness, ALS affects relationships- between spouses, siblings, children, friends, family, colleagues and other support system. Family, especially first-degree members are inclined to report periods of depression and denial (McDonald, 1992).One study reports that an astounding 47% of spouses experience stress during an ALS diagnosis (1992). An ALS diagnosis changes the role play in a family, sometimes the wife become the breadwinner or the children take on the role of main caretaker, depending on who gets ill. Aside from family, the patients relationship with friends and work colleagues may also suffer, depending on the degree of closeness experienced. Furthermore, the patients relationship with the health care professional is important. The better the line of communication between the patient and the health care team, the better outcome there will be.The health care professional may help the patient deal with depression by prescribing medication and counselling, whichever is appropriate. The psychological characteristics of ALS patients vary in patients. Some may be depressed while others may be hopeful. Coping with a difficult illness like ALS is difficult not only for the patient but the family and support group as well. Worsening of symptoms may hinder their psychological well-being. Thus, it is important for everybody concerned to commend that ALS is a disease not to be battled alone.With help and support from everyone involved, patients will be able to live full lives. References Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Society of Canada. (n. d. ). A guide to all ALS patient care for primary care physicians PDF file. Retrieved Mary 12, 2009 from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Society of Canada Website http//www. als. ca Ciechoski, M. (2002). Coping with change PDF file. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from The ALS Association Website http//www. alsa. org/files/cms/Resources/ALS_manual2. pdf. Houpt, J. , Gould, B. and Norris, F. (1977). Psychological characteristics of patients withamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) PDF file. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from Psychosomatic Medicine Website http//www. psychosomaticmedicine. org. Levine, S. W. (n. d. ). Neurocognitive, behavioral and psychological changes associated with ALS PDF file. Retrieved May 12, 200 9 from ALS confederacy Website http//www. alsconnection. com/Neurocognitive_Testing_vers_2. pdf McDonald, E. (1992). Psychological aspects of ALS patients and their primary caregivers. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from American Holistic Health Association Website http//www. ahha. org/articles/McDonald2.htm Morris, C. and Maisto, A. (2002). Psychology an introduction 11th ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2008). NINDS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis information page. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Website http//www. ninds. nih. gov/ Olney, A. (2005). Daily activities made easier for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis PDF file. Retrieved May 12, 2009 from The ALS Association Website http//www. alsa. org/files/cms/Resources/OT_Manual_2006. pdf.

Contrasts in the Great Gatsby

Tyler Simms bulky Gatsby Essay Accelerated English 11 Mrs. Cameron F. Scott Fitzgerald constructed his overbold, The Great Gatsby, by sculpting numerous item and character contrasts together through out the novel to create and deliver a magnificent work of art. Although Fitzgerald contrasted numerous characters and situations through out the novel, there argon three that are in truth pungent the characters Tom Buchanan and George Wilson and Daisy Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson.Not only were there Character contrasts, there were as well situations that Fitzgerald contrasted against each other. One of them was the severalise of the concept of the doddery Money life style and the New Money life style. Tom and George not only pee physical contrast, they also have contrasting lifestyles as well. Among other things, Daisy is very statuesque and up-in-the-air where as Myrtle s pragmatic and down-to-earth. Fitzgerald uses the concept of sometime(a) and New Money to contrast lifestyles a nd characters in the novel.Tom is Old Money, which means he inherited all of his riches from at least two generations into his family and does not flaunt his money. George, on the other hand, is very low class and has to work to provide for himself and his wife, Myrtle, who is committing an affair with Tom. Aside from the money aspect, Tom is a sturdy, straw haired man of thirty with a rather severely mouth and a supercilious manner (Fitzgerald 11). It is also made clear by Fitzgerald that Tom beats his wife and Myrtle, giving him the element of being big-chested and controlling.George is a pushover from the time he is introduced until he makes a decision that ruins everything for some, and revised for others. Tom deceived George into believing that he is going to sell him a car, with no intention of doing so, but with every intension of seeing Myrtle. Not only is he a pushover, he is very gaunt with not even fractional the audacity of Tom. Toms audacity and ill temper hurt the people around him, particularly Daisy and Myrtle. Their personalities are very much apart from each other.Myrtle is a very forward-looking person who knows textsoft-page-break what she wants in life, she is endowed with a strong character and vitality which distinguishes her from Daisy. Daisys superficiality extends to her personality. She is fragile, unstable and a confused character. epoch talking to Nick she said I woke up with an abandoned felling and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a young lady. She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. Alright, I said, Im glad its a girl.And I hope shell be a fool-thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful fool (Fitzgerald 21). They also married their husbands for different reasons. Myrtle says she married George because she thought he was a gentleman. She also thought he knew about good breeding. On the other hand, Daisy married Tom because rich girls had to marry into money and goo d social status. Marrying Tom, Daisy married into the Old Money life style. The people who live by the Old Money lifestyle inherited all of their riches from at least two generations back down in the family.They also dont flaunt their money with buying and having extravagant cars, houses, parties etc. Fitzgerald differentiates Old Money and New Money by placing them on separate sides of Manhattan. Old Money on East Egg and New Money on West Egg. Tom and Daisy live on East Egg and prefer picayune get-togethers. Tom and Daisy had a party and the only people who were invited were Nick and Jordan. Whereas Gatsby, who lives in West Egg and is New Money, has very extravagant parties every weekend. By septette oclock the orchestra has arrived-no thin five piece affair but a whole pit of oboes and trombones ad saxophones and violas and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums (Fitzgerald 44). The contrast of the two lifestyles along with the characters brings the novel to a whole new level of interest. It also makes the story more interesting. Any novel that contrast any two or more subjects from with in itself, such as two or more characters or different life styles, is indeed a work of art. textsoft-page-break Works Cited Page Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Simon and Schuster Inc. , 1953.

Athletes are Overpaid

Athletes are indeed overpaid. According to the May 2007 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, chief executives, managers, legislators, public relations persons, farmers, ranchers, educators, real estate brokers, hospital managers, and different management occupations exclusively realize approximately $40.60 per hour (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).The same is also true for agents of artists and athletes, logisticians, financial analysts, and other business and financial operations occupations who still get under ones skins about 26.87 per hour (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).Similarly, software engineers, systems analyst, computer programmers, and other workers who belong to the category, computer and mathematical acquirement occupations only get $33.21 per hour (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).Even landscape architects and civil engineers just get $31.14 hourly (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.). In addition to that, aliment scientists, economists, psychologists are only paid $26.59 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.). Substance abuse counselors and mental health counselors get make up much lower since they are only paid $17.87 hourly (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).This means that people who have the aforementioned occupations earn only about $40,000 $90,000 annually (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.). Meanwhile, athletes earn millions in fact, an average NBA player, for instance earns $2.2 million (CBS Interactive Inc., 1997, n.p.).Farmers for instance play a large role in feeding people, hospital managers commit largely in saving lives, financial analysts help a lot in making the economy flourish, engineers and architectures build shelters which is one of mans canonical need as well, mental health counselors/psychologists help people keep their sanity, while logisticians ensure the security of the country and yet these employees are only receive about $40,000 $90,000 annually (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).Considering that athletes are paid for punching someone, running, shooting/kicking a ball, etc or for entertainments sake only and winning into consideration that they are not even playing a role in saving peoples lives or their job does not even require too much intelligence or thinking (unlike other people for instance educators, doctors, etc) yet these athletes receive extremely high salaries, then this only means that indeed, athletes are overpaid (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, n.p.).ReferencesCBS Interactive Inc. (1997). Blacks Top Salary List of NBA Players.Retrieved November 24, 2008 from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n3_v93/ai_20097766U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2007). Wage by Area and Occupation. Retrieved November 24, 2008 from http//www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm

Organ Donation essay/ not finished Essay

starting time 1 Rainbow raw author of the harmonium bequest Should be Compulsory article, created on 30th May, 2012 discusses the forever asking question that all citizens should be make to donate their organs once deceased. The author addresses the motion with the use of statistics from the Australias organ donations site. Rainbow raw has no known qualifications or expertise although the information provided is true and I call back reliable even though it is not from a registered site e.g. gov, edu. The author presented the information in exposition form with facts and their own personal opinion which outlines the science and religious sides of organ donation. Source 2 The site Debate ORG is presented in a debate form, created and written by anonymous writers, debating whether organs should be compulsory. This site holds no qualifications or expertise but shows the different opinions and beliefs behind organ donation. Source 3 Samuel Walker is a Politics undergraduate at the University of Warwick whom is the author of the article Why Organ Donation Should be Made Compulsory. Walker explores and outlines the science and religion behind organ donation throughout. Walker uses rhetorical techniques to discuss the topic. Part BShould all citizens be made to donate their organs? The science behind organ donation is simple, one whom has died has the opportunity to save anothers intent by donating their organs, but there are religious aspects that need to be looked at, many religions and cultures do not believe in giving one organs as they are a part of them, they need them for reincarnation, many believe that once you die they must be kept whole. It is an ethical issue as thousands of wad are put on waiting lists to receive and organ. There are Why is it though that if we let the g everyplacenment have this control of our organs we miss our freedom of choice when what we are doing is saving others lives, theres a saying if you dont want to donate your orga ns then you should not receive one when in need why should you have access to a new liver when you wouldnt give up your own? What nigh our freedom rights?You cant force soul to give up their organs even when their deceased, you cant ask a grieving begin to have permission to cut herchild up, well with this law just do what you please, that childs organs may save a life but the mother will never see it that way, her child just died, her babys gone, forever and the thought of them being poked and prodded adds to the grieve and loss. But its a life were talking about, you have the power, the opportunity to save someone, how can you let that go, your gone why should perfectly usable organs be buried with the deceased to rot in the ground, and become food for worms and bugs.Religious expectation play into hand with this argument, many religions such as blah believe that you should never give out ones organs as Throughout this essay the following ethical issue will be discussed, Should all citizens be made to donate their organs? citizens of the world have rights, individual freedom rights, why should that be taken away from them? The government has so much control alreadly over our chocies why should we give up our organs, the government doesnt own them do they? Personal property, I was born with them, I should have control of what happened to them even aft(prenominal) death. Its my choice dont take that away from me. Everybody wants to be some type of hero in their life, why not save someone with your organs that will be useless in the ground with your body you could save at least 10 peoples lives, childrens lives, a mother, a brother, why wouldnt you want to make that choice? Are you scared would it become easier if it was to become mandatory?

Tda 2.6

Assessment Task- TDA 2. 6 Help improve own and police squad practice in naturalises. 3. deduct the clear of a team. This essay will demonstrate my be intimateledge rough organiseing as a team, the importance of it and who forms the team at the check where I prevail. I will look at the aims of my aim and where I fit into that as a voluntary Teaching participator and I will excessively show how different members of the team all work unitedly to reach the same goal. One person alone could non complete the entire workload a school requires to function.To teach, to feed, to make safe, to make a happy place all engages the work of a genuinely dedicated team who work together to achieve the same goal, at Priestsic Primary and Nursery school where I work this is To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and ar willing and eager to extend their metre. And this team is also encouraged to allow the children to reach as high a t ake as their ability allows increasing their pleasure, understanding and confidence. Priestsic Primary School-Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. This is all achieved by individuals who work together, sharing ideas and knowledge to make a really good team a great one. The school staff are not the only ones encouraged to practice teamwork Children are encouraged to work as part of a team and to respect other peoples beliefs and feelings. Priestsics base School Agreement 2010 This message is enforced in the Schools office School Agreement which is given out to parents at the start of a child coming to school.There is no doubt that my school values teamwork in everyone who is associated with it. The morale of the school is very high and I rescue seen for myself that everyone I ask a question of, they are willing to attention and if they dont know an answer they will find someone for me who does. It is enjoyable to be at a school where everyone is happy to help each other and it is absolutely motivational and if I feel this way as a partial outsider, then the children must also feel very proud that they belong to a school with staff members who really care about them and their education.The purpose and objectives of the team in which I work is to be focussed and knowledgeable about literacy and Maths. The instructor in the class that I work in is the Literacy co-ordinator for the Year and the instructor in the opposite side of the classroom is the Maths co-ordinator so the twain teachers work very closely together, they complement each other. One takes charge of the Literacy activities and the other devises the Maths activities and they share these within the classrooms.My working environment is split into two sides with a dividing curtain, my teacher has 30 children and the other teacher has 30 children and together they make up Year Two at the school. The two teachers are constantly consulting each other about Maths and Literacy matters and they sh are ideas between themselves. I work with both of the teachers and they will often give me a group of children to work with who perhaps need more support and they will introduce activities to me by explaining what they are and if I need to give specific help to someone they will give me the measure to do this.The qualified Teaching Assistants in the class will help the teachers set up the activities and help with the planning and then I help, when I go in , executing the practicalities like setting out tables or making displays. members of the team will need to understand their role and how it fits with the role of other members of the team Burnham and Baker 2010 When I first began my placement at Priestsic Primary and Nursery School I was given a Teaching Assistant Student tract and it defines my role by stating What will be pass judgment of youThe children spend quite a lot of time sat on the carpet, particularly during numeracy and literacy. You will be expected to either suppo rt particular children or to be sat in the classroom preparing resources/displays. It goes on to say that You may also be expected to Sharpen pencils File childrens work Supervise childrens milk time. This is my role as a student and it is what I do whenever I go into my placement. The qualified Teaching Assistant works very closely with me whose role it is to Work under the direct instruction of teaching/senior staff, usually in the classroom. To attend to the pupils personal needs. To prepare the classroom as directed. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. I usually help the Teaching Assistant with her role so as to free up the teacher so she can carry out her role, which includes Teaching all areas of the primary curriculum Organising the classroom and skill resources to create a positive learning environment. Plan, prepare and present lessons that cater for the needs of the whole ability range within the class and to Work with others to plan and co-ordinate work.TES. co. uk So the teacher, Teaching Assistant and Student Teaching Assistant all work very closely together in the classroom to support the children, we also rely on the help of the midday supervisors to look after the children at mealtimes, they ensure that they sit and eat nicely that the children clear up after themselves and they ensure acceptable standards of behaviour are maintained in the playground afterwards. If they do not they inform the teacher and necessary action will be taken, such as that child lacking the next playtime.Teachers also need the help of the Administration staff who answer the telephone and act as a first point of contact for the school. They get away out any necessary letters, they monitor and control visitors with the help of the Site Manager who is responsible for who comes onto the site and the security of the building. Our Site Manager at the school will also help the Teacher if she needs chairs or tables getting for displays, he cleans up any spillages and he changes the toilet rolls and is responsible for the general metrical foot of the school.All of these people who help form the team at school are ultimately responsible to the Head teacher whose role it is to Lead and manage the school To ensure the achievement of educational standards To promote and safeguard the welfare of the children. To work in partnership with the governing body, staff and parents generating the ethos and values which will underpin the school. TES. co. uk every single person who works at a school has an important trade to do even the cleaners who make a great job of keeping the classrooms clean and tidy.Without the skills set of all these people the school would not function properly and so for that reason I respect everyone who I work with. I might not know about a hazardous substance so I would have to rely on the expertise of a cleaner or the Site Manager to tell me if I could use it or not. I do not understand the workings of the curriculum so I would need the help of the teacher to explain it to me. I think that it is absolutely vital to respect the skills and expertise of other practitioners, especially at the fleck when I am so new to the school working environment.I never take anyone for granted and always listen to what they have to say. Everyone is different and even if two people have through with(p) the same course to come back and teach a class they will have different ways of doing so. I would personally never dream of going into school and try to tell somebody what to do because I feel that I dont have the knowledge yet to do so, as described by Burnham and Baker 2010 If a member of your team has been working in schools for a long time and a new person comes in and tells them that things should be done in a different way, it will cause bad feeling and resentment. I could not agree more with this statement and feel that you would gain more respect by showing that you are open to ideas and suggestions from othe r members of staff. It is invaluable to me to have done so from first going into school, I have learnt so much from different people and I have found that everyone treats me the same way in which I treat them, friendly, honestly and respectfully. I thoroughly enjoy working as part of a team that makes up a school.Although I am still learning about where everybody fits in I feel that every time I go into my school I learn something new about peoples roles and how they work in the successful team that is Priestsic Primary and Nursery school. Everyone values each other and no one is selfish, the staff share ideas and work together professionally to maintain the schools aim To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. Teamwork is not only important in schools it is probably the most important thing in schools where Teachers, Teaching Assistants, Midday Supervisors, Admin staff, Cleaners, the Site M anager and the Head teacher all work together to make the school a happy, safe, educational place to be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Priestsic Primary School Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010. Burnham and Baker 2010. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. TES. co. uk

Introduction to Counselling Essay

Definition of a CounsellorCounselling is about to give patron rather than advice, advice frequently means sorting batch what they should or ought to do, and this has no place in counselling. Counsellors look at what is possible, however do not tell lymph nodes what they should do. That would be the counsellor taking control rather than the client gaining control. The primary difference mingled with counselling and some other wreaks of assistanting is the way in which the counsellor listens. A counsellor should always be factual within their notes, you should always take notes subsequently a sitting while fresh on your mind, taking notes in a sitting female genitalia ca utilisation clients to mayhap feel worried or nervous on what youreputting down and similarly glide by you interested and proven to be listening. The difference between advice, guidance and counsellingAdvice Mainly a one-way exchange, giving an opinion, reservation a judgement, making a recommendation = Persuasive. Guidance Mainly a one-way exchange, supplying the way, educating, influencing, instructing =Encouraging.Skills of a counsellorEvery person who uses counselling skills is designated a counsellor. We can appoint two broad groups of people who use counselling skills, people who argon called counsellors who engage in counselling as a distinct occupation and others who use counselling skills as part of their other skills. They would be temporarily in the role, for example we go to our doctor for something medical or a psychiatrist for something spiritually wrong these establish a helping relationship. What they offer is not counselling however they use counselling skills, they may also be trained counsellors so the dividing line is not clear cut. The difference is that the person turn ins when counselling is taking place and has agreed to it. Other skills you pick up on when counselling are* Respecting own(prenominal) space* keeping legs uncrossed and sit down relaxed* creation open with body language,* Bringing your body in to talk is organism interested and sitting corroborate shows youre interested and engaged. * Memory is the key.* Try not to talk with hands or sit on them.* Clothing can be free-and-easy but formal depending on where you work * Setting a good first impression is important* Keep facial expressions to a minimum show expression but limit to how much. * Eye reach should be token(prenominal) keep eyes locomote around the face * Think about distractions in the lead your client arrives* Keep your client informed on what were going to do and not do. * Being agreeable and willing to be there, and most importantly helping yourclient to get back on track.Values of counselling and psychotherapyValues inform principals. They represent the important way of expressing a popular honest perpetration that becomes more precisely defined and action-orientated when expressed as a principal.At all cartridge clips counsellors must show a commitment toRespecting human rights and dignityProtecting the safety of clientsInsuring the integrity of practitioner/client relationshipsEnhancing the quality of professional knowledge and its application Alleviating personal distress and suffering nurture a sense of self that is meaningful to the person(s) concerned Increasing personal effectivenessEnhancing the quality of relationships between peopleAppreciating the variety of human experience between peopleStriving for the fair and adequate provision of counselling and psychotherapy servicesEthical principles of counselling and psychotherapyPrinciples direct attention to important ethical responsibilities, there are six ethical principles that are used which also help on making decisions when looking over them, they are as follows* Being conceiveworthy honouring the trust placed in the practitioner, hes to building good appreciation and helps your client being able to open up if the trust is there.* Autonomy respect for th e clients to be self-governing, this is important to allow and help our client to gain their ability to be self-directing.* Beneficence a commitment to promoting the clients well-being, always playacting in the best interests of the client based on professional assessment.* Non-maleficence a commitment to avoiding harm to the client, do not take advantage of the client at their most vulnerable part in their life i.e. sexual, financial, emotional or any other form of client exploitation.* Justice the fair and impartial interposition of all clients and the provision of adequate services, a commitment to fairness requires the ability to appreciate differences between people and to be committed to equality of opportunity, and avoiding discrimination against people or groups contrary to their legitimate personal or social characteristics.* Self-respect fostering the practitioners self-knowledge and care for self, seeking counselling or therapy and other opportunities for personal d evelopment as required. The practitioners personal moral qualities are of the utmost importance to clients.Personal moral qualitiesThe practitioners personal moral qualities are of the utmost importance to clients. Many of the personal qualities considered important in the provision of services have an ethical or moral voice and therefore considered as virtues or good personal qualities. It is in remove to prescribe that all practitioners possess these qualities, since it is fundamental that these personal qualities are deeply rooted in the person concerned and developed out of personal commitment rather than the requirement of an external authority. Personal qualities to which counsellors and psychotherapists are strongly encouraged to aspire take Empathy The ability to communicate come acrossing of another persons experience from that persons perspective. Understand and letting them know that you understand Sincerity a personal commitment to consistency between what is professe d and what is done. Being honest, facial expression something and meaning it. Being able to be sincere and listen to your client rather than talking. impartiality commitment to being moral in dealings with others,personal straightforwardness, honesty and coherence.Trust is very important. Resilience the capacity to work with the clients concerns without being personally diminished. Being able to hear what your client is saying to you and being able to stay there and not feeling the need to leave or cry with your client because of their story you are hearing, being able to hold your own. Respect showing appropriate esteem to others and their understanding of themselves. Appropriate esteem and understanding themselves, respect that the person respects themselves. Not judging why they got to that point and help them understand why they got to this point. Humility the ability to assess accurately and accredit ones own strengths and weaknesses. Believing your good at something, work t owards not feeling that youre put down and low. Competence the effective deployment of the skills and knowledge needed to do what is required. Keep improving skills, knowing you know what you are doing but you can build on it. Fairness the consistent application of appropriate criteria to inform decisions and actions. Knowing your able to meet your clients needs and if not discuss you could refer them to someone else, also about being fair to self, make undisputable your always being fair to your clients in the decisions you make. Wisdom possession of sound judgement that informs practice. Sound judgement, understanding boundaries. Courage the capacity to act in ill will of known fears, bumps and uncertainty. To be able to sit and listen to your clients story, having the courage to be honest to your client.Non-verbal communicationAwareness of non-verbal communication between the attendant and the talker we try to be aware of how we use our own bodies and how the talker uses th eir body to communicate.* Eye contact keep eye contact minimal and moving around the face. * Facial expression show expression but be limiting to how much you show. * Body posture keep legs uncrossed and body straight, keep body language open. * Body movement bring your body out to show youre interested and bring body in when youre authentically taking in what your client is saying. * Head nodding is a strong thing to doshows your listening. * Proximity/position of chairs positioning of the chairs is important as not to be directed in front of each other.why we use this skill?* To show talker that the listener is paying attention.* To try to communicate that the listener is present.* To create a warm environment.* To encourage the talker to open up.* To begin to build a trusting relationship.Minimal encouragersMinimal encouragers are a form of verbal communication. They are brief sentences or a single word. Examples include * Go on* Tell me more* And* Because* Mmm.* Ah ha* Oh Using some of your minimal encouragers will help to keep your client talking and prompt them to continue in there story. * To show the talker that the listener is paying attention. * To communicate that the listener is present.* To encourage the talker to continue their story.ReflectingA reflection is offering back what the talker has said but it includes the feeling that the listener thinks was communicated. Feelings might be contained in the words the talker is using or feelings might also show themselves in how the talker presents i.e. looking sad or showing that they are angry.Why we use this skill?* To check or show that the listener has understood.Gives client confidence that the listener is actually paying attention in what the client is saying * To help the talker become aware of their feelings.Gives the client the option of discovering what they are actually feeling for themselves.* To work closer in the relationship.Gaining your clients trust to build a relationship.* To c reate a sense of intimacy.As your allowing your client to hear what they are saying and showing that the feeling you may be providing them with helps them to know you are genuinely listening to them.ParaphrasingParaphrasing is to offer back in a few words what the talker has said in order to check understanding and communicate your attention. Paraphrasing can be good to help your client to hear what they have said and they know you have heard what they have said. Helps to show you are trying to understand what your client is saying. Why we use this skill?To give the talker an opportunity to hear back what they are saying. As it can be very cooperative for your client to hear back what they have said. To check or show that the listener has understood.It also gives your client confidence that you have listened and heard what they have to say. To influence further exploration of the talkers story.It helps your client maybe feel more confident and open to talk more freely. ExampleTal kerIts been a rough week. Ive done nothing but argue with my fellow, the house has been burgled, theres bad news from the hospitalat least(prenominal) I got a win on the scratch-card. hearer 1 You got a win on the scratch-cardListener 2 Its been a rough week.Listener 3 Youve been arguing with your partnerWhat do you think of the different listeners responses? I think listener 2 is a much split up response to what the client has said as leaves the story open for the client to decide where they want to go next. What do the responses say about the listeners points of view?Listener 1) is very in appropriate as quite a few bad things gone on for your client. Listener 2) leaves it open for your client to choose what to talk about Listener 3) is also a good thing to say but doesnt give the client a contingency really to decide what they would prefer to talk about. * What other responses can you think of?Maybe number 2) but also ask client to describe maybe the worst part about the week ?SummarisingA summary is an overview of what the talker has been talking about during the session. A summary can be used during the session as well as to end the session. Think about the main points of a session and say it back to your client. Summarising really helps letting your client know you are really listening and heard what they have said. Knowing if a silence is that your client is thinking, or gone quiet as maybe a bit lost so you could recap what your client has told you. Re capping can help to start your client talking again. Near the end of a session say to your client you have a few minutes left so lets summarise and the pick out points, once relayed back ask your client if they would like to add anything else. Why we use this skill?* To communicate that the listener has heard and understood the content of the session. * To gather important points together.* To help the talker decide which points they want to talk about in more detail. * To help the talker if they are stuck, going round in circles, confused or if the session needs moving forward.Counselling ContractPlace, time, datesNumber of sessionsConfidentiality and limitations watch and note takingModel of counselling usedFees and cancellation arrangementsOut of session contactHaving a contract helps your client to know whats expected of them, also what is going to happen. Confidentiality and limitationsOffering confidentiality is part of a counsellors contract with their clients but there are limits to this at which point further action will be needed. What are the limits?At risk a person, who is deemed to be at risk to self or others, so could be talking about harming his self or others. Children any child at risk of abuse, maybe a partner hurting or abusing the child. Vulnerable persons vulnerable people at risk of abuse, by client or there partner. Terrorism Act there is a terrorism hotline number, for instance if someone said they were taking a bomb to the mall ECT. If working for a n agency you would follow their guidelines around confidentiality. If at any time you hear you client talk about any of the limits you have discussed, you need to make your client aware that you have to break the confidentiality. Other limits includeSupervision client material discussed with a supervisor, although this could be discussed with clients permission about their case but not mention there name. Note-keeping brief and factual notes made after each session, as a client has the rights to ask for their notes to see.

Deutsche Brauerei

QUESTION FOR REPORT/ DISCUSSION 2. What atomic number 18 the characteristics of information processing system memory immix rehearsal and its phthisiss? What do the mo pelfary indicate and sources and uses of pecuniary resource avouchment of go with tell us? Discuss ab break breakeven tabuline. What does the breakeven map of the company tell us? pic fund Flow control Financial contentions princip all in ally embarrass kale and loss aim and equilibrium sheet. Profit and loss account lists out each the expenses made by the secure and tax income bring in over a intent of period. sense of equilibrium sheet depicts the fiscal billet of the firm at a exceptional turn on of time. tour inventory work education is complimentary to both correspondence sheet and dough and loss account, it brings a clear idea about the movement of bloods in and out of the firm, during a occurrence period of time. Meaning of Fund Flow The fiscal statement of the concern in dicates assets, liabilities and chief city on aparticular date and excessively the profit or loss during a period. But it is possible that there is enough profit in the business and the monetary position is likewise skillful and still there may be deficiency of specie or of working capital in business.If the heed wants to find out as to where the ex pitch is existence utilized, fiscal statement evokenot encourage. Therefore, a statement is brisk of the sources and applications of stemmas from where works Capital comes and it is utilized. This is called Fund Flow statement. Meaning of Fund In a popular and generally accepted sense the term gilly accrueer is used to denote the excess of function rate assets over true liabilities working(a) Capital = online Assets Current Liabilities Meaning of Flow of Fund Flow of spotages means transmigration (coming and going) of finances.In separate words, Flow of bills means channelize in Working capital, as in gold h unt statement the words computer memorys mean net working capital. thus Coleman rightly states that, The fund statement is statement summarizing the signifi bungholet monetary changes which choose occurred between the beginning and the end of a companys accounting period. The flow of fund if is correspond by changes in working capital, then it give the gate happen, only if a doing involves changes on both ongoing fact and noncurrent situation. Every transaction has double ingress. variant cases tail end be that transaction involves Change on current assets and on firm assets ( property in purchase of located assets) o Cash being current item and fixed assets be non current ? Change on current assets and on current assets (credit sale of inventory) o Debtors is a current item and inventory is as well as current in nature ? Change on current assets and change on current liabilities (payment made to creditors) o Cash is current asset and creditor, current liability ? Change on current liabilities and change on current liabilities ( suddenly term loan taken to clear overdraft) ?Change on fixed assets and on fixed liabilities (sale of enthronements to redeem debentures) So, amongst all these combinations, transactions which involve change, on one hand on current item and on unalike hand on non current item, they would only lead to fund flow. E. g. * Sell investments in cash. * Issue of sh ars * Raising long term loans, etc. Thus fund flow statement enumerates motley sources from which funds come in memorial tablet and various applications which lead to usage of funds. It is an important tool to check the efficiency of focusing in the firm.It can make future projections about working capital requirements and thus firm can arrange for those requirements and can allocate funds in a much efficient manner. readiness of fund flow statement involves preparation of adjusted profit and loss account which is prep ared by excluding the non fund and non operating items from the initial figure of net profit. Different Names of Fund-flow disputation * A Funds Statement * A statement of sources and uses of fund * A statement of sources and application of fund * Where got and where gone statement * Inflow and outflow of fund statementObjectives of Fund Flow Statement The main purposes of Fund Flow Statement are 1. To help to at a lower placestand the changes in assets and asset sources which are not readily evident in the income statement or financial statement. 2. To inform as to how the cans to the business progress to been used. 3. To tiptop out the financial strengths and weaknesses of the business How to Prepare a Fund Flow Statement Fund flow statements are prepared by pickings the balance sheets for two dates representing the coverage period. The augments and decreases must then be reason for each item.Finally, the changes are classified under four categories (1) semipermanent sources, (2) semipermanent uses, (3) sho rt sources, (4) short uses. It is also important to zero out the non-fund base adjustments in read to capture only the changes that are accompanies by flow of funds. However, income accrued exactly received and expenses incurred but not received reckoned in the profit and loss statement should not be excluded from the profit figure for the fund flow statement. Fund flow statements can be used to identify a variety of problems in the way a company operates.For example, companies that are utilize short-term bills to finance long-term investments may run into liquidity problems in the future. Meanwhile, a company that is using long-term currency to finance short-term investments may not be efficiently utilizing its capital. Steps in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement 1) Preparation of schedule changes in working capital (taking current items only). 2) Preparation of adjusted profit and loss account (to know fund from or fund lost in operations). 3) Preparation of accounts for no n-current items (Ascertain the hidden teaching). 4) Preparation of the fund flow statement. enormousness of funds flow statement Funds flow statement is an important analytical tool for external as well as internal uses of financial statements. The users of funds flow statement can be listed as under 1. Managements of various companies are able to review cash budgets with the support of funds flow statements. They are extensively used by the management in the evaluation of alternative finance & investments. In the evaluation of alternative finance & investment plans, funds flow statement helps the management in the assessment of long-range forecasts of cash requirements & availability of liquid resources.The management can judge the feeling of management decisions. 2. Investors are able to measure as how the company has utilized the funds supplied by them & its financial strength with the aid of funds statements. They gauge can the company might to generate funds from operations . On the basis of comparative study of the past with the present, investors can locate & identify possible drains on funds in the almost future. 3. Funds statement serve as fixive tools to the management for frugal analysis as it supplies additional information, which cannot be stomachd by financial statements, based on historical data. . Fund statement explains the relationship between changes in working capital & net profits. Funds statement intelligibly shows the quantum of funds generated from operations. 5. Funds statement helps in the be after process of a company. They are useful in assessing the resources available and the manner of utilization of resources. 6. Funds statement explains the financial consequences of business activities. They provide explicit & clear awareness to questions regarding liquid & solvency positions of the company, dissemination of dividend & whether the working capital has been effective or otherwise. 7.Management of companies can forecast in advance the requirements of additional capital & can plan its capital issue accordingly. 8. Fund statement provides clues to the creditors & financial institutions as to the ability of a company to use funds in effect in the best kindle of the investors, creditors & the owners of the company. 9. Funds statement indicates the adequacy or inadequacy of working capital. 10. The information contained in fund flow statement is more(prenominal) reliable, dependable & consistent as it is prepared to include funds generated from operations & not net profit after(prenominal) disparagement. 11.Funds flow statement clearly indicate how profits have been invested, whether investments in fixed assets or inventories or ploughed back. Financial forecast A financial forecast is normally an forecast of future financial outcomes for a company. Using historical internal accounting and gross gross gross revenue data, in addition to external market and economic indicators, a financial forecast is an economists best guess of what testament happen to a company in financial impairment over a prone time period which is commonly one form. In this case, the company has forecasted its data for the years 2001 and 2002. Sources of funds 1. Net IncomeNet incomeis equal to theincomethat a firm has after subtracting approachs andexpensesfrom the marrowrevenue. Netincome can be distributed among holders of common stock as adividendor held by the firm asretained earnings. The items deducted pass on typically includetax expense, financing expense (interest expense), andminority interest. Net income is informally called thebottom linebecause it is typically found on the last line of a companysincome statement. pic The forecasted net income is increasing in the projected year. It has been projected that there would be an ontogeny in the net income of 28% in 2001 and 17% in 2002.This can be credited to their expansion strategy in the coming years. There has been a dip in the net income in the year 1999 owning to the depreciation of Ukrainian currency by 125%. 2. Allowance for dubitable accounts The recompense for perplexing accounts is a balance sheet account that reduces the account amount of accounts receivable. Providing an allowance for doubtful accounts presents a more realistic picture of how much of the accounts receivable will be turning to cash. If a firm has made a adequate provision in its allowance for doubtful accounts, reported earnings will not be penalized by dreary debts when the bad debts occur.If uncollectible accounts are larger than expected, however, the firm will have to profit the size of the account and reduce reported income. pic There has been a sharp increase in allowance for doubtful accounts in the year 2001 which subsequently reduced. This can be linked to the increase in the credit they plan to give to the distributors owning to their expansion plans for the period and their recovery policy. The increase in doubtful ac counts is a bad sign for the financial position for the company. 3. Depreciation Anoncash expensethat reduces theeconomic valueof anasset as a progenyofwear and tear, age, orobsolescence.Most assets lose their value over time (in otherwords, they depreciate), and must be replaced once the end of their useful mannersis reached. Because it is anon-cash expense, depreciation lowers thecompanysreportedearningswhile increasingfree cash flow. Calculated by two methods 1. Straight Line Depreciation method 2. Declining Balance Depreciation Method pic There has been gradual skip in the depreciation in the projected years. This can be related to increase in their enumerate of assets (they are mean to buy more equipments and properties) which would lead to devaluation eventually. 4.Short-Term Debt The account which comprises of any debt incurred by a company that is due within one year. The debt in this account is usually made up of short-term bank loans taken out by a company. The value of this account is very important when finda companysfinancial health. If the account is larger than the companyscash and cash equivalents, this suggests that the companymay bein poor financial health and does not haveenough cash to pay off its short-term debts. Althoughshort-term debts are due within a year, there may be a depute of the long-term debt include in this account.This portion pertains to payments that must be made onany long-term debt throughout the year. pic In initial years they heavily depended on short term debts. Over the years the financial health of the company improved which lead to the reduction in the debts. Owning to their credit policy and increase in investment in fixed assets, the company is not able to recover the money. This could have lead to increase in short term borrowings. 5. Accounts payable An accounting entry that represents an entitys obligation to payoff a short-term debt toits creditors.The accounts payable entry is found on a balance shee t under the heading current liabilities. Accounts payable are debts that must be nonrecreational off within a disposed(p) period of time in order to avoid default. pic ontogenesis in accounts payable shows that the company is making more purchases on credit. It could be due to taking more time to pay bills, buying more products on credit, paying higher comprises for credit purchases. 6. Other Current Liabilities A balance sheet entry used by companies to group unit of measurementedly current liabilities that are not assigned to common liabilities such as debt obligations or accounts payable.Companies will group together these other current liabilities into one account on the balance sheet for the sake of simplicity. pic Since this category is made up of accruals and similar items, it increases as the company gets larger. It increased in 1999 owning to higher investment in Ukraine. The increase in the other current liabilities has been more or less durable in the projected y ears. 7. radical sources of cash It is the sum number of all the components of sources of funds. pic Uses of Funds 8. Dividend PaymentsDividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend. pic There is a sharp increase in the dividend payment as the company is projecting a higher increase in their profits.The dividends are paid from the net income from the alike(p) year. Increase in dividend payments implies strong commitment to harbor higher take of dividends in the future. 9. Increases in cash balance Amount of available cash that a management decides to maintain in cash planning, to avoid or cover up c ash shortfalls resulting from mismatch between cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. pic The company is having optimum cash balance thereof maintaining sufficient working capital. 10. & 11. Increases in accounts receivableAccounts receivable (A/R) is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the mission of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an handbill and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms. pic In Germany, the company has retained a moneyed hold on the credit that they supply to the distributors thus there isnt a significant change in the accounts receivable as compared to Ukraine. pic Increases in accounts receivable (Ukraine) that is disproportionate to any growth in revenue may indicate the company is having trouble collecting money from its customers. Depending on the companys cash situation, this could require the company to borrow money to plug the hole from the unpaid money it is owed by its customers. Eventually, the company might need to write-off some of these accounts receivable as bad debt, in recognition of the fact that some customers might never pay. In extreme cases, the company might run out of cash and have to fold down. 12. Increases in inventories muniment is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. An organizations inventory can look a commingle blessing, since it counts as an asset on the balance sheet, but it also ties up money that could serve for other purposes and requires additional expense for its protection. Inventory may also cause significant tax expenses, depending on particular countries laws regarding depreciation of inventory. Inventory appears as a current as set on an organizations balance sheet because the organization can, in principle, turn it into cash by merchandising it.Some organizations hold larger inventories than their operations require in order inflating their presumable asset value and their perceived positiveness. pic The fragile distribution system in Ukraine pre-2000 lead to increase in the inventories of the company as company is working on improving the distribution channel due to which the product flow has been projected to be smooth in coming years leading to decrease in inventory which is a levelheaded financial sign. 13. Increases in other assets Assets are economic resources owned by business or company.Two major asset classes are actual assets and intangible asset assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and right s that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the market place. Examples of intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks. pic There is a negative growth in the increase in the other assets because of the depreciation of other assets and they are not planning to acquire any new assets in near future. By 2002 they are planning to buy enough assets just to repress the negative growth. 14. Reductions in long-term debt Long-term debts are loans and financial obligations that last for over one year. For example, debts obligations such as bonds and notes, which have maturities greater than one year, would be considered as long-term debts. pic Reduction in long term debts from 1998 to 1999 could be due to overnight success of the company in Ukraine. The sound financial source of the company has ensured the stable repayment of long term loans and would continue to do so in future. 15. Capital Expenditures Capital consumptions (CAPEX or capex) are white plagues creating future benefits. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset ith a useful life that extends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. pic The sharp increase in the CAPEX can be explained by the inflow of capital through long term debts and the operating profit the company is planning to achieve in the projected period. 16. Total uses of cash It is the sum conglomeration of all the use components in the fund flow statement. pic tell apart Even epitomeThe break-even steer for a product is the point where original revenue received equals the amount costs associated with the sale of the product (TR=TC). A break-even point is typically imaged in order for businesses to check out if it would be profitable to sell a proposed product, as opposed to attempting to modify an existing product alternatively so it can be made lucrative. Break even analysis can also be used to analyse the potential profitability of an expenditure in a sales-based business. Breakeven analysis is a management accounting tool used for profit planning of a firm.Profit planning is a track down of the selling price of a unit of product, the versatile cost of making and selling the product, the hoi polloi of product unit sold and in case of multi-product companies, sales mix and finally, the total fixed costs. Breakeven point (for output) = fixed cost / contribution per unit. Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorising production costs between those which are variable (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not this ins tant related to the glitz of production).Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue in order to determine thelevel of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the break-even point). Break even analysis depends on the following variables 1. The fixed production costs for a product. 2. The variable production costs for a product. 3. The products unit price. 4. The products expected unit sales. On the surface, break-even analysis is a tool to calculate at which sales volume the variable and fixed costs of producing your product will be recovered.Another way to look at it is that the break-even point is the point at which your product stops costing you money to produce and sell, and starts to generate a profit for your company. Break even analysis solves various managerial problems range price levels A price level is a hypothetical measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services, in a given regio n during a given interval, normalized relative to some base set. Hence with the help of BEP analysis a firm can determine the price level of product and particular sales volume which is necessary to produce an X amount of operating profit. Targeting optimal variable/ fixed cost combinations Determining the financial attractiveness of different strategic options for your company. Break even Chart A breakeven chart is a strategic tool used to plot the financial revenue of a business unit against time or sales to determine the point when sales output is equal to revenue generated. This is recognised as the breakeven point. The information used to determine and analyse the breakeven point includes fixed, variable and total costs and the associated sales revenues. The analysis of a breakeven chart considers whether a suppose runs at a profit or a loss.A sale above the breakeven point indicates continued and profitable growth. The principle of break-even theory is that during the early stages of a business venture, total costs, both fixed and variable, exceed sales. As output increases, sales begin to rise faster than costs and, eventually, they become equal (breakeven point). If sales continue to rise and exceed total costs, the business achieves profitability. The tool assumes that all the goods which are produced will be sold and that costs, namely the price, will remain constant.Likewise, it also relies on the electrical condenser in terms of output to remain unchanged. Breakeven charts are universally applied to simply and graphically illustrate and forecast a companys projected revenue, and to calculate the time for profitability to be reached. It is used by financial and marketing strategists to predict the effect that changes in price will have on the percentage change in sales over time. It is also a useful tool to analyse the relationship between fixed and variable costs and to predict the effect on profitability of changes to those costs. Income Statem ents gross revenue Germany 62032 62653 64219 66216 68203 70249 Sales Ukraine 0 4262 17559 25847 37479 48722 Total Net Sales 62032 66915 81778 92063 105682 118971 ware damage & Expenses 32258 35366 44271 49827 61393 71609 Excise duties 9143 9108 10486 11557 11625 13087 Allowance for doubtful accounts 5 7 38 24 201 60 Total Variable Cost 41406 44481 54795 61408 73219 84756 Administrative & Selling Expenses 12481 13014 16274 18505 18500 18500 Depreciation 3609 4314 5844 6068 6766 7448 Total frigid Cost 16090 ( per hectoliters) Per unit Sales 9206300/1173000 = 78. 8508099 Per unit variable cost 61408000/1173000 = 52. 35123615 Contribution per unit Per unit Sales Per unit variable cost = 26. 3384484 Breakeven Point = Fixed cost/Contribution per unit 24573000/26. 13384 = 940274. 633 Hence Number of units requires to be sold to reach breakeven point=940275 hectoliters Net S ale in year 2000 = 1173000 hectoliters Revenue calculated from the sale of Breakeven volume sales = breakeven point volume* per unit sale price 73797559. 3 Total Variable cost at Breakeven Point = Breakeven volume * Per 940275 * 52. 32123615 = 49224558. 57 unit variable cost Total Fixed Cost = 24573000 Total cost of Production of Beer Fixed cost + variable cost 73797558. 57 This analysis identifies the break-even volume, where revenues just equal total costs and Deutsche Brauerei recovers all its fixed cost at the break-even volume sale. Sales above Break-even Point will bring profits for the company. Margin of Safety (volume) = Total volume sell Breakeven volume 1173000 940275 = 232725 hectoliters Margin of Safety (Revenue) = per unit sale price * Margin of safety volume = 78. 48508099 * 232725 = 18265440. 47Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = per unit variable cost * Margin of Safety (volume) = 52. 35123615 * 232725 = 12183441. 43 Deutsche Breuerei has already covered up fixed cost expense with break even volume sale hence they will make profit above the sale of break even volume. Net profit = Margin of Safety (Revenue) Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = 18265440. 47 12183441. 43 = 6081999. 041 From the above analysis it is seen that as the volume increased above the break even volume, the profits rise disproportionately faster. The analysis of a breakeven chart shows that Deutsche Breuerei has to sell more than 940275 hectoliters of beer to start making the profit for the venture.A sale above the breakeven point indicates a continued and profitable growth, and venture makes a profit of 6081999. 041. Hence Deutsche Breuerei should stick to the current price level of beer and profit planning. Break even chart of Venture shows that if they can reduce the Production Cost in coming years through new facility and equipment they can increase the profits in long term. As the company is screening a healthy sales of good they can invest on production facility to reduce the per unit production cost and expenses to increases the overall profits. DEUTSCHE BRAUEREI slip-up Analysis- Question 2 MBA PHARM. TECH. (4th year) pic pic ROLL NO. NAME ROLL NO. NAME 38 Devang Mehta 41 Upasana Nagpal 39 Anand Menon 42 Abhilash Nair 40 Manish Mishra 43 Kadambari Narang instill OF PHARMACY AND engine room MANGEMENT 0pic? 0pic? 0pic? 0pic 1pic1picx1pic1pic? 1picu1pic2pic2pic2picI2pic? 2picN3picl3picA4picA4pic? 4piceOAAAhWI8A hfJh? *B*picOJQJJ? ph333h? *B*picCJOJQJph hNuh? *B*picCJOJQJNet income =Revenue Cost of goods sold Sales discounts Sales returns and allowances Expenses Minority interest Preferred stock dividendsDeutsche BrauereiQUESTION FOR REPORT/ DISCUSSION 2. What are the characteristics of Fund flow statement and its uses? What do the financial forecast and sources and uses of funds statement of company tell us? Discuss about breakeven analysis. What does the breakeven c hart of the company tell us? pic Fund Flow Statement Financial statements mainly include profit and loss account and balance sheet. Profit and loss account lists out all the expenses made by the firm and revenue earned over a period of time. Balance sheet depicts the financial position of the firm at a particular point of time.While fund flow statement is complimentary to both balance sheet and profit and loss account, it brings a clear idea about the movement of funds in and out of the firm, during a particular period of time. Meaning of Fund Flow The financial statement of the business indicates assets, liabilities and capital on aparticular date and also the profit or loss during a period. But it is possible that there is enough profit in the business and the financial position is also good and still there may be deficiency of cash or of working capital in business.If the management wants to find out as to where the cash is being utilized, financial statement cannot help. Therefo re, a statement is prepared of the sources and applications of funds from where Working Capital comes and it is utilized. This is called Fund Flow statement. Meaning of Fund In a popular and generally accepted sense the term fund is used to denote the excess of current assets over current liabilities Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities Meaning of Flow of Fund Flow of funds means transmigration (coming and going) of funds.In other words, Flow of funds means change in Working capital, as in funds flow statement the words funds mean net working capital. Hence Coleman rightly states that, The fund statement is statement summarizing the significant financial changes which have occurred between the beginning and the end of a companys accounting period. The flow of fund if is represented by changes in working capital, then it can happen, only if a transaction involves changes on both current item and noncurrent item. Every transaction has double entry. Various cases can be that transaction involves Change on current assets and on fixed assets (cash purchase of fixed assets) o Cash being current item and fixed assets are non current ? Change on current assets and on current assets (credit sale of inventory) o Debtors is a current item and inventory is also current in nature ? Change on current assets and change on current liabilities (payment made to creditors) o Cash is current asset and creditor, current liability ? Change on current liabilities and change on current liabilities (short term loan taken to clear overdraft) ?Change on fixed assets and on fixed liabilities (sale of investments to redeem debentures) So, amongst all these combinations, transactions which involve change, on one hand on current item and on other hand on non current item, they would only lead to fund flow. E. g. * Sell investments in cash. * Issue of shares * Raising long term loans, etc. Thus fund flow statement enumerates various sources from which funds come in organiz ation and various applications which lead to usage of funds. It is an important tool to check the efficiency of management in the firm.It can make future projections about working capital requirements and thus firm can arrange for those requirements and can allocate funds in a more efficient manner. Preparation of fund flow statement involves preparation of adjusted profit and loss account which is prepared by excluding the non fund and non operating items from the initial figure of net profit. Different Names of Fund-flow Statement * A Funds Statement * A statement of sources and uses of fund * A statement of sources and application of fund * Where got and where gone statement * Inflow and outflow of fund statementObjectives of Fund Flow Statement The main purposes of Fund Flow Statement are 1. To help to understand the changes in assets and asset sources which are not readily evident in the income statement or financial statement. 2. To inform as to how the cans to the business ha ve been used. 3. To point out the financial strengths and weaknesses of the business How to Prepare a Fund Flow Statement Fund flow statements are prepared by taking the balance sheets for two dates representing the coverage period. The increases and decreases must then be calculated for each item.Finally, the changes are classified under four categories (1) Long-term sources, (2) long-term uses, (3) short-term sources, (4) short-term uses. It is also important to zero out the non-fund based adjustments in order to capture only the changes that are accompanies by flow of funds. However, income accrued but received and expenses incurred but not received reckoned in the profit and loss statement should not be excluded from the profit figure for the fund flow statement. Fund flow statements can be used to identify a variety of problems in the way a company operates.For example, companies that are using short-term money to finance long-term investments may run into liquidity problems in the future. Meanwhile, a company that is using long-term money to finance short-term investments may not be efficiently utilizing its capital. Steps in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement 1) Preparation of schedule changes in working capital (taking current items only). 2) Preparation of adjusted profit and loss account (to know fund from or fund lost in operations). 3) Preparation of accounts for non-current items (Ascertain the hidden information). 4) Preparation of the fund flow statement.Importance of funds flow statement Funds flow statement is an important analytical tool for external as well as internal uses of financial statements. The users of funds flow statement can be listed as under 1. Managements of various companies are able to review cash budgets with the aid of funds flow statements. They are extensively used by the management in the evaluation of alternative finance & investments. In the evaluation of alternative finance & investment plans, funds flow statement hel ps the management in the assessment of long-range forecasts of cash requirements & availability of liquid resources.The management can judge the quality of management decisions. 2. Investors are able to measure as how the company has utilized the funds supplied by them & its financial strength with the aid of funds statements. They gauge can the company capacity to generate funds from operations. On the basis of comparative study of the past with the present, investors can locate & identify possible drains on funds in the near future. 3. Funds statement serve as effective tools to the management for economic analysis as it supplies additional information, which cannot be provided by financial statements, based on historical data. . Fund statement explains the relationship between changes in working capital & net profits. Funds statement clearly shows the quantum of funds generated from operations. 5. Funds statement helps in the planning process of a company. They are useful in asse ssing the resources available and the manner of utilization of resources. 6. Funds statement explains the financial consequences of business activities. They provide explicit & clear awareness to questions regarding liquid & solvency positions of the company, distribution of dividend & whether the working capital has been effective or otherwise. 7.Management of companies can forecast in advance the requirements of additional capital & can plan its capital issue accordingly. 8. Fund statement provides clues to the creditors & financial institutions as to the ability of a company to use funds effectively in the best interest of the investors, creditors & the owners of the company. 9. Funds statement indicates the adequacy or inadequacy of working capital. 10. The information contained in fund flow statement is more reliable, dependable & consistent as it is prepared to include funds generated from operations & not net profit after depreciation. 11.Funds flow statement clearly indicate how profits have been invested, whether investments in fixed assets or inventories or ploughed back. Financial forecast A financial forecast is normally an estimate of future financial outcomes for a company. Using historical internal accounting and sales data, in addition to external market and economic indicators, a financial forecast is an economists best guess of what will happen to a company in financial terms over a given time period which is usually one year. In this case, the company has forecasted its data for the years 2001 and 2002. Sources of funds 1. Net IncomeNet incomeis equal to theincomethat a firm has after subtracting costs andexpensesfrom the totalrevenue. Netincome can be distributed among holders of common stock as adividendor held by the firm asretained earnings. The items deducted will typically includetax expense, financing expense (interest expense), andminority interest. Net income is informally called thebottom linebecause it is typically found on the l ast line of a companysincome statement. pic The forecasted net income is increasing in the projected year. It has been projected that there would be an increase in the net income of 28% in 2001 and 17% in 2002.This can be credited to their expansion strategy in the coming years. There has been a dip in the net income in the year 1999 owning to the depreciation of Ukrainian currency by 125%. 2. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is a balance sheet account that reduces the reported amount of accounts receivable. Providing an allowance for doubtful accounts presents a more realistic picture of how much of the accounts receivable will be turning to cash. If a firm has made a sufficient provision in its allowance for doubtful accounts, reported earnings will not be penalized by bad debts when the bad debts occur.If uncollectible accounts are larger than expected, however, the firm will have to increase the size of the account and reduce reported income. p ic There has been a sharp increase in allowance for doubtful accounts in the year 2001 which subsequently reduced. This can be linked to the increase in the credit they plan to give to the distributors owning to their expansion plans for the period and their recovery policy. The increase in doubtful accounts is a bad sign for the financial position for the company. 3. Depreciation Anoncash expensethat reduces thevalueof anasset as aresultofwear and tear, age, orobsolescence.Most assets lose their value over time (in otherwords, they depreciate), and must be replaced once the end of their useful lifeis reached. Because it is anon-cash expense, depreciation lowers thecompanysreportedearningswhile increasingfree cash flow. Calculated by two methods 1. Straight Line Depreciation Method 2. Declining Balance Depreciation Method pic There has been gradual rise in the depreciation in the projected years. This can be related to increase in their number of assets (they are planning to buy mor e equipments and properties) which would lead to devaluation eventually. 4.Short-Term Debt The account which comprises of any debt incurred by a company that is due within one year. The debt in this account is usually made up of short-term bank loans taken out by a company. The value of this account is very important when determininga companysfinancial health. If the account is larger than the companyscash and cash equivalents, this suggests that the companymay bein poor financial health and does not haveenough cash to pay off its short-term debts. Althoughshort-term debts are due within a year, there may be a portion of the long-term debt included in this account.This portion pertains to payments that must be made onany long-term debt throughout the year. pic In initial years they heavily depended on short term debts. Over the years the financial health of the company improved which lead to the reduction in the debts. Owning to their credit policy and increase in investment in fixe d assets, the company is not able to recover the money. This could have lead to increase in short term borrowings. 5. Accounts Payable An accounting entry that represents an entitys obligation to payoff a short-term debt toits creditors.The accounts payable entry is found on a balance sheet under the heading current liabilities. Accounts payable are debts that must be paid off within a given period of time in order to avoid default. pic Increase in accounts payable shows that the company is making more purchases on credit. It could be due to taking more time to pay bills, buying more products on credit, paying higher prices for credit purchases. 6. Other Current Liabilities A balance sheet entry used by companies to group together current liabilities that are not assigned to common liabilities such as debt obligations or accounts payable.Companies will group together these other current liabilities into one account on the balance sheet for the sake of simplicity. pic Since this cate gory is made up of accruals and similar items, it increases as the company gets larger. It increased in 1999 owning to higher investment in Ukraine. The increase in the other current liabilities has been more or less stable in the projected years. 7. Total sources of cash It is the sum total of all the components of sources of funds. pic Uses of Funds 8. Dividend PaymentsDividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend. pic There is a sharp increase in the dividend payment as the company is projecting a higher increase in their profits.The dividends are paid from the net income from the same year. Increase in dividend payments implies strong commitment to maintain higher level of dividends in the future. 9. Increases in cash balance Amount of available cash that a management decides to maintain in cash planning, to avoid or cover up cash shortfalls resulting from mismatch between cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. pic The company is having optimum cash balance hence maintaining sufficient working capital. 10. & 11. Increases in accounts receivableAccounts receivable (A/R) is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms. pic In Germany, the company has maintained a tight hold on the credit that they supply to the distributors thus there isnt a significant change in the accounts receivable as compared to Ukraine. pic Increases in accounts receivable (Ukraine) that is disproportionate to any growth in revenue may indicate the company is having trouble collecting money from its customers. Depending on the companys cash situation, this could require the company to borrow money to plug the hole from the unpaid money it is owed by its customers. Eventually, the company might need to write-off some of these accounts receivable as bad debt, in recognition of the fact that some customers might never pay. In extreme cases, the company might run out of cash and have to shut down. 12. Increases in inventoriesInventory is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. An organizations inventory can appear a mixed blessing, since it counts as an asset on the balance sheet, but it also ties up money that could serve for other p urposes and requires additional expense for its protection. Inventory may also cause significant tax expenses, depending on particular countries laws regarding depreciation of inventory. Inventory appears as a current asset on an organizations balance sheet because the organization can, in principle, turn it into cash by selling it.Some organizations hold larger inventories than their operations require in order inflating their apparent asset value and their perceived profitability. pic The fragile distribution system in Ukraine pre-2000 lead to increase in the inventories of the company as company is working on improving the distribution channel due to which the product flow has been projected to be smooth in coming years leading to decrease in inventory which is a healthy financial sign. 13. Increases in other assets Assets are economic resources owned by business or company.Two major asset classes are tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclass es, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the market place. Examples of intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks. pic There is a negative growth in the increase in the other assets because of the depreciation of other assets and they are not planning to acquire any new assets in near future. By 2002 they are planning to buy enough assets just to overcome the negative growth. 14. Reductions in long-term debt Long-term debts are loans and financial obligations that last for over one year. For example, debts obligations such as bonds and notes, which have maturities greater than one year, would be considered as long-ter m debts. pic Reduction in long term debts from 1998 to 1999 could be due to overnight success of the company in Ukraine. The sound financial condition of the company has ensured the stable repayment of long term loans and would continue to do so in future. 15. Capital Expenditures Capital expenditures (CAPEX or capex) are expenditures creating future benefits. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset ith a useful life that extends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. pic The sharp increase in the CAPEX can be explained by the inflow of capital through long term debts and the operating profit the company is planning to achieve in the projected period. 16. Total uses of cash It is the sum total of all the use components in the fund flow statement. pic Break Even AnalysisThe break-e ven point for a product is the point where total revenue received equals the total costs associated with the sale of the product (TR=TC). A break-even point is typically calculated in order for businesses to determine if it would be profitable to sell a proposed product, as opposed to attempting to modify an existing product instead so it can be made lucrative. Break even analysis can also be used to analyse the potential profitability of an expenditure in a sales-based business. Breakeven analysis is a management accounting tool used for profit planning of a firm.Profit planning is a function of the selling price of a unit of product, the variable cost of making and selling the product, the volume of product unit sold and in case of multi-product companies, sales mix and finally, the total fixed costs. Breakeven point (for output) = fixed cost / contribution per unit. Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorising production costs between those which are variable (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not directly related to the volume of production).Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue in order to determine thelevel of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the break-even point). Break even analysis depends on the following variables 1. The fixed production costs for a product. 2. The variable production costs for a product. 3. The products unit price. 4. The products expected unit sales. On the surface, break-even analysis is a tool to calculate at which sales volume the variable and fixed costs of producing your product will be recovered.Another way to look at it is that the break-even point is the point at which your product stops costing you money to produce and sell, and starts to generate a profit for your company. Break even analysis solves v arious managerial problems Setting price levels A price level is a hypothetical measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services, in a given region during a given interval, normalized relative to some base set. Hence with the help of BEP analysis a firm can determine the price level of product and particular sales volume which is necessary to produce an X amount of operating profit. Targeting optimal variable/ fixed cost combinations Determining the financial attractiveness of different strategic options for your company. Break even Chart A breakeven chart is a strategic tool used to plot the financial revenue of a business unit against time or sales to determine the point when sales output is equal to revenue generated. This is recognised as the breakeven point. The information used to determine and analyse the breakeven point includes fixed, variable and total costs and the associated sales revenues. The analysis of a breakeven chart considers whether a venture runs at a profit or a loss.A sale above the breakeven point indicates continued and profitable growth. The principle of break-even theory is that during the early stages of a business venture, total costs, both fixed and variable, exceed sales. As output increases, sales begin to rise faster than costs and, eventually, they become equal (breakeven point). If sales continue to rise and exceed total costs, the business achieves profitability. The tool assumes that all the goods which are produced will be sold and that costs, namely the price, will remain constant.Likewise, it also relies on the capacity in terms of output to remain unchanged. Breakeven charts are universally applied to simply and graphically illustrate and forecast a companys projected revenue, and to calculate the time for profitability to be reached. It is used by financial and marketing strategists to predict the effect that changes in price will have on the percentage change in sales over time. It is also a useful tool to analyse the relationship between fixed and variable costs and to predict the effect on profitability of changes to those costs. Income Statements Sales Germany 62032 62653 64219 66216 68203 70249 Sales Ukraine 0 4262 17559 25847 37479 48722 Total Net Sales 62032 66915 81778 92063 105682 118971 Production Cost & Expenses 32258 35366 44271 49827 61393 71609 Excise duties 9143 9108 10486 11557 11625 13087 Allowance for doubtful accounts 5 7 38 24 201 60 Total Variable Cost 41406 44481 54795 61408 73219 84756 Administrative & Selling Expenses 12481 13014 16274 18505 18500 18500 Depreciation 3609 4314 5844 6068 6766 7448 Total Fixed Cost 16090 ( per hectoliters) Per unit Sales 9206300/1173000 = 78. 8508099 Per unit variable cost 61408000/1173000 = 52. 35123615 Contribution per unit Per unit Sales Per unit variable cost = 26. 3384484 Breakeven Point = Fixed cost/Contribution per unit 2457300 0/26. 13384 = 940274. 633 Hence Number of units requires to be sold to reach breakeven point=940275 hectoliters Net Sale in year 2000 = 1173000 hectoliters Revenue calculated from the sale of Breakeven volume sales = breakeven point volume* per unit sale price 73797559. 3 Total Variable cost at Breakeven Point = Breakeven volume * Per 940275 * 52. 32123615 = 49224558. 57 unit variable cost Total Fixed Cost = 24573000 Total cost of Production of Beer Fixed cost + variable cost 73797558. 57 This analysis identifies the break-even volume, where revenues just equal total costs and Deutsche Brauerei recovers all its fixed cost at the break-even volume sale. Sales above Break-even Point will bring profits for the company. Margin of Safety (volume) = Total volume Sold Breakeven volume 1173000 940275 = 232725 hectoliters Margin of Safety (Revenue) = per unit sale price * Margin of safety volume = 78. 48508099 * 232725 = 18265440. 47 Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = per unit variable cost * Margin of Safety (volume) = 52. 35123615 * 232725 = 12183441. 43 Deutsche Breuerei has already covered up fixed cost expense with break even volume sale hence they will make profit above the sale of break even volume. Net profit = Margin of Safety (Revenue) Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = 18265440. 47 12183441. 43 = 6081999. 041 From the above analysis it is seen that as the volume increased above the break even volume, the profits rise disproportionately faster. The analysis of a breakeven chart shows that Deutsche Breuerei has to sell more than 940275 hectoliters of beer to start making the profit for the venture.A sale above the breakeven point indicates a continued and profitable growth, and venture makes a profit of 6081999. 041. Hence Deutsche Breuerei should stick to the current price level of beer and profit planning. Break even chart of Venture shows that if they can reduce the Prod uction Cost in coming years through new facility and equipment they can increase the profits in long term. As the company is showing a healthy sales of good they can invest on production facility to reduce the per unit production cost and expenses to increases the overall profits. DEUTSCHE BRAUEREI Case Analysis- Question 2 MBA PHARM. TECH. (4th year) pic pic ROLL NO. NAME ROLL NO. NAME 38 Devang Mehta 41 Upasana Nagpal 39 Anand Menon 42 Abhilash Nair 40 Manish Mishra 43 Kadambari Narang SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY MANGEMENT 0pic? 0pic? 0pic? 0pic 1pic1picx1pic1pic? 1picu1pic2pic2pic2picI2pic? 2picN3picl3picA4picA4pic? 4piceOAAAhWI8A hfJh? *B*picOJQJJ? ph333h? *B*picCJOJQJph hNuh? *B*picCJOJQJNet income =Revenue Cost of goods sold Sales discounts Sales returns and allowances Expenses Minority interest Preferred stock dividends