John Pappajohn :: essays research papers

John Pappajohn was born July 31, 1928 in St. Luke's Greece to George and Maria Pappajohn. His father was a U.S. citizen and thus he is a U.S. citizen by birthright. He immigrated to the U.S. at the age of 9 months with his mother and they joined his father in Mason City. Iowa. In 1961, he married Mary L. Limberis of Minneapolis, Minnesota and the two of them have a daughter, Ann Pappajohn, who resides in New York. Mr. Pappajohn attended Mason City public schools and then attended the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and received a bachelor's degree in business in 1952. Upon graduation from college, he started his own insurance business. In 1962, he moved to Des Moines and organized the Guardsman Life Insurance Company. He was Chairman of the Board of Guardsman Insurance from 1962 to 1969, at which time he sold his interest and dedicated himself full time to venture capital investments. He organized Equity Dynamics Inc. in 1969 and continues as its President today. He also organized Pappajohn Capital Resources (a venture capital fund) in 1969. Pappajohn Capital Resources is well known on Wall Street as a venture capital fund primarily investing in high tech, medical and healthcare projects. He has over 35 portfolio companies in his fund and has averaged over 68% annual return on investments for over 25 years. At the present time, he serves as director on the following company Boards: Radiologix, Inc., Dallas, TX PACE Health Systems Inc., Des Moines, IA Allion Healthcare, Inc., Huntington Station, NY Logisticare, Atlanta, GA Patient Infosystems, Inc., Rochester, NY MC Informatics, Inc., Irvine, CA. He has served as director in over 40 public companies and also serves as a director for many private companies. He is a member of many professional organizations including The Society of Financial Analysts, Association for Corporate Growth, National Association of Corporate Directors and the Association for Investment Management and Research. He was a Horatio Alger Award recipient in 1995 and serves as a member of the Board of Directors and on the Executive Committee for the Horatio Alger Association. He also is on the Board of Trustees for Anatolia College in Thessaloniki, Greece, the University of Iowa Foundation Board of Trustees, Iowa City, IA., and formerly a Trustee for Pine Manor College, Chestnut Hill, MA. He was named Iowa Business Leader of the Year in 1992 and was inducted into the Iowa Business Hall of Fame in 1996. He served as a member of the Advisory Board for the J.F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, D.C. He was initially appointed by President Ronald Reagan and re-appointed by President George Bush.

Perfume Suskind

Interactive Oral: Debate Title: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? The setting of Perfume was crafted accordingly to author’s intention so that the main character would develop specific characterizations that will later on, lead him to make a decision whether to live or to die.Suskind does this by placing Grenouille, who has a keen sense of smell in the 18th century France and distinctively allowed the plot to develop and establish in a setting of a malodorous and a scent-conscious society, where people were obsessed with pleasurable scent and uses it distinguish themselves within the hierarchy. In addition, Suskind hinted that smell is depicted more than merely the ingredients of a perfume but could also be a resemblance as the scent of a person’s soul, thus he made a correlation between the existences of with the existence of a person’s soul.Hence in Perfume, scent has become the crucial factor in determining the human soul, the identity of oneself. Suskind also made a point where your own smell will give away your identity like the poor would have malodorous smell but ironically, he decided to leave the main character scentless. Grenouille was isolated simply because in the eyes of the society, he does not have the substance (body odour) that established his identity as a human being. Moreover, Grenouille also decided to detach himself away from the society because he does not have the need to establish relationships.Through isolation and detachment, Suskind have effectively molded the main character’s psychological state of mind by limiting Grenouille’s knowledge and only allowed him to gain knowledge through smell and scent rather than language itself so that Grenouille only understood that things that smells, exist. During an epiphany and Grenouille’s encounter with the â€Å"fog†, he discovered and learnt the truth that h e does not bear a smell or scent (based on his knowledge and understanding) and he belonged nowhere within the hierarchy, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist.The cumulated awareness has aided him to realize upon the ultimate truth that he was indeed born scentless and can never own a scent. Upon discovering and understanding the final truth, he decided that his existing life has bared no significance to himself, hence leading to his choice to die. Perfume was written in such a way that it indirectly criticizes the human’s nature – the endless greed through Grenouille, where he chooses to pursue after something that is beyond his competence. (408) Grenouille reached an epiphany when he encountered the â€Å"fog† in his dreams.The fog indirectly symbolizes as the ultimate truth which he has not explored and fully implicit. Grenouille only understood that he could not smell the fog hence the fog implies as a non-ex istent thing. This is how he had a realization that he is nonexistent. Again Suskind successfully correlate scent as identity. The moment he realized that the fog is a part of him, he had internal conflicts where he understood that he does not have an identity based on his understanding. He realized that he belonged nowhere in the hierarchy – hence only understood that his personal identity is hindered because he does not have smell of his own.When Grenouille realized that he was scentless and found himself to be nowhere within the category, he felt his own personal identity is hindered almost as though he does not fully exist. Hence such understanding has led him to an internal conflict where he realized that he was born scentless and his created scent could never be his thus leading to his choice to die. The setting was crafted in such way that it affects the main character’s psychological state of mind and its characterizations towards the choices. (332)

Review of Accounting Ethics Essay

Establishing principles for ethical behavior frequently starts with a policy on ethics. Businesses acquire a policy on ethics to guide their measures and to set up a general meaning of correct versus incorrect. According to the American Library Association, code of ethics is a handbook for suitable behavior (2012). Given the corporate ethical breaches in recent times, assess whether or not you believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Provide support for your answer Existing businesses and regulatory environment is more conductive behavior because some companies and managers feel as though they can get away with it. The unpredictable increase and collapse of the Enron Company set off a long-burning fire under the American social conscience. From every crevasse and corner, voices rose demanding increased accountability, demanding tighter regulation, and demanding that the unethical be brought to justice. Clearly, in such estimation, those at fault should have been punished. In order for ethical principles to apply to such industries, it must be shown that they are inherently moral or ethically responsible institutions. Secondly, an adequate discussion of what business ethics is just be provided before we can truly investigate why the situation does not conform to those standards. Third, the role of those same ethical standards must be explained with business content. Fourth, recent societal preventative measures for unethical practice should be examined (SOX). Fifth, and finally, the contribution of philosophical trends and the current phislophical mood of society must be investigated in order to delve into the mindsets of those who perpetrate such acts as society seeks to condemn. at the very beginning it is important to make the following distraction: despite the fact most of society views business as a whole, including executives as inherently dishonest, accountants and business p ersons are not inherently more likely to choose immorality over ethical behavior than any other segment of society (De Vois, 2002). Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Best Buy Chairman and founder Richard Schulze exited Monday after directors determined he used poor judgment for failing to disclose CEO Brian Dunn’s personal relationship with a young subordinate, a violation of company ethics that led to Dunn’s  departure last month. In light of these revelations, Schulze ‘acted inappropriately,’ by failing to bring the matter to the company’s audit committee. While Best Buy made it clear that Dunn did not use the company’s resources to facilitate his relationship with the female employee, the internal probe found that Dunn’s behavior showed ‘extremely poor judgment and a lack of professionalism. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. In April, Dunn abruptly decided to call it quits as the Richfield, Minnesota-based company further investigated his relationship with the subordinate employee. The internal probe was initiated by the firm’s audit committee and completed by an outside law firm. Dunn is expected to walk away with a severance package worth up to $6.6 million from the embattled consumer electronics chain. There is still no word on who will succeed him. Schulze said in a statement that when he questioned Dunn about his actions, they were denied and now he accepts the audit committee findings. Analyze the accounts impacted and/or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, within the previous three years, there has numerous businesses and audit organizations that has been held responsible for violation of accounting ethics and other monetary irregularities for rebelliousness of disclosure standards (2012). Richard Schulze, creator and chairman, neglected to take action in a method that was standard with the audit committee’s permission and excellent gove rnance procedures and he produced serious possibilities of employee revenge and corporation liability. The best news for shareholders is that the board of directors at Best Buy and HP took major steps to look after the shareholders. The board members that observe CEOs make uncertain ethical decisions, should not hang around to decide if there is an accounting violation to make alterations. As a CFO, recommend which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. For the worthy of the business, and for the worthy of anyone’s career, it is very significant to stay away from ethical problems and equally, to act morally (Smith, 2003). Mangers and/or supervisors should be a model to the actions they want their employees to obtain. The company’s staff will observe how the managers perform and they  will perform the same exact manner. When corporations create a code of conduct, they need to make sure that they live up to it as well. As a member of staff of any company, CFO choices or events should progress the wellbeing of that business. At particular times, CFO’s could be in a situation where their judgment might influence their own wellbeing as well. On the other hand, to stay away from any form of bad behavior, CFO’s may perhaps reveal the nature of their connection to the corporation. As a result, ethics play a very important role in each choice an accountant has to obtain as it involves every investor who places their unsighted belief on the accountant to make the right decisions. Principles has to be very clear by hopeful accountants in such a approach that it combines with their ethical growth which will allow them to acquire the most excellent ethical choices in the future. It really comes down to individuals’ ethical responsibility to sustain their own honesty and increase public assurance by illustrating clearness in the shape of the ethical measures being pursued. References Code of Ethics of the American Library Association. (2012). American Library Association. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http://www.ala.org. De Vous, P. (2002). Recovering the vocation of business. Acton Institute. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from www.acton.org. Smith, Deborah. (2003). 10 Ways Companies Can Avoid Frequent Ethical Pitfalls. American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http://www.apa.org. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (2012). Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http://www.sec.gov.

Free MBA Program †No-Cost Online Business Courses

Free MBA Program - No-Cost Online Business Courses A free MBA program may sound too good to be true, but the fact is that nowadays you can get a well-rounded business education free. The internet has provided a way for everyone around the world to learn more about any topic theyre interested in. Some of the best colleges, universities, and business institutions in the world offer free business courses that can be completed at your convenience. These courses are self-guided, which means that you study independently and at your own pace. Will the Free MBA Program Result in a Degree? You will not receive college credit or a degree when you complete the free courses detailed below, but you may get a certificate of completion after finishing some of the courses, and you will definitely get started on the education you need to start or manage a business. The skills you pick up could also be of value in your current position or in a more advanced position within your field. The idea of completing an MBA program without earning a degree may seem disappointing, but remember, the essential point of an education is to gain knowledge, not a piece of paper. The courses shown below have been chosen to create an MBA program that provides a general business education. Youll find courses in general business, accounting, finance, marketing, entrepreneurship, leadership, and management. Accounting Understanding basic accounting procedures is important for every business student, whether you plan to enter the accounting field or not. Every individual and business uses accounting in day-to-day operations. Take all three courses to get a well-rounded view of this topic. Introduction to Accounting:  This introductory course from the U.S. Small Business Administration provides an overview of accounting. The course takes approximately 30 minutes to complete. Choose from a text-based or video-based option.Bookkeeping Course: This free online bookkeeping course is a text-based course that covers basic bookkeeping topics, such as balance sheets, cash flow statements, and debits and credits. You should participate in all course activities to cement knowledge and then test yourself with post-lesson quizzes.Principles of Financial Accounting: This University of Alaska course delves deeper into financial accounting. Lectures are delivered via slides. The course also includes homework assignments and a final exam. Advertising and Marketing Marketing is important for any business that sells a product or service. If you plan to start your own business, work in management, or pursue a career in marketing or advertising, it is essential to learn the psychology of advertising and marketing processes. Complete all three courses to gain a thorough understanding of both topics. Marketing 101:  This free business course from the U.S. Small Business Administration offers an overview of marketing with an emphasis on reaching a wider customer base. The course takes approximately 30 minutes to complete.Principles of Marketing:  Provided through Study.com, this free online course includes a series of nearly 100 short video lessons. Each video covers a specific topic and includes a post-lesson quiz.Advanced Marketing: This free MBA course from NetMBA provides detailed text-based lessons on a variety of marketing topics. Entrepreneurship Whether you plan to start your own business or not, entrepreneurship training is an important part of a general business education. This knowledge can be useful for everything from branding to product launches to project management. Explore both courses to learn about the different aspects of entrepreneurship. Introduction to Franchising: This U.S. Small Business Administration course introduces students to franchising and provides tips on choosing a franchise. The course takes approximately 30 minutes to complete.Starting a Business: This free entrepreneurship course from MyOwnBusiness.org covers key start-up topics including writing a business plan, building a business, and operation management. The course includes instruction, quizzes, and other learning materials. Leadership and Management Leadership skills are extraordinarily important in the business world,  even if you dont work in a supervisory capacity. Taking courses in leadership and management will teach you how to manage both people and the day-to-day operations of a business, department, or project. Take all three courses to gain a full understanding of management and leadership principles. Principles of Management: Study.com provides an extensive video-based course focused on business management. The course is divided into short easy-to-digest lessons, each with a post-lesson quiz.Leadership Lab: This free leadership lab from MITs Sloan School of Management consists of videos, lecture notes, assignments, and other learning materials.Business Management and Leadership: This free MBA course from Master Class Management is a mini MBA program that results in a certificate of completion. MBA Program Electives Business electives are a great way to further specialize in a topic that interests you. Here are a couple of electives to consider. You can also search out your own to focus your studies on something that interests you. Business Law: This introductory business law course from Education-Portal.com consists of short video lessons. You can test your knowledge at the end of each portion with post-lesson quizzes.Strategic Human Resources Management: MITs Sloan School of Management  offers text-based lecture notes, assignments, and a final exam focused on  human resource management strategies.   Get Real Course Credit If you would rather take courses that result in some sort of certificate or even a university recognized degree without enrolling in business school and paying a sizable tuition bill, you may want to consider looking at sites like Coursera or EdX, both of which offer courses from some of the top universities in the world. Coursera offers certificate courses and degree programs that start as low as $15. Admission is required for degree programs. EdX offers university credits for a small fee per credit hour.

Evaluation for Ice Bar Essays

Evaluation for Ice Bar Essays Evaluation for Ice Bar Essay Evaluation for Ice Bar Essay You dont want the expenses to be more than the sales. Management and employees would want to see this information to see how well the business is doing. Also to see if the business can afford to pay the employees. Evaluation for Ice Bar First of all we were deciding upon what kind of business we were to set up. First we had decided to set up a chocolate shop. The reason for not starting up a chocolate shop was because we thought this was not necessary and there are a lot of shops which sell chocolate in Sheffield. We wanted to introduce something new instead. So we decided upon setting up an Ice Cream parlour, the reason for this was there are no Ice Cream parlours in Sheffield, but there are cafes and restaurants which sell Ice Cream. By doing research we found out that Ice Cream does not have to be restricted to the summer months only as it is a cold dessert. At the time we started our business plan in the winter where a lot of Ice Cream is not eaten due to the cold weather. Due to us starting our plan in the winter we thought it would be difficult to find information on Ice Cream due to Ice Cream is known as seasonal. We also decided not to open Ice Cream parlour at one point due to it being seasonal. However, doing a lot of research finding out the important information for our business we realised we could be successful. If we put a lot more effort in advertising in the winter. Research is the most important part of the business plan and we believe we were successful in this area. As we found out a lot about Ice Cream the profits you can make buy selling the product. Pricing is really important in a business. If it is pitched too high then it will frighten off potential customers, but too low a price might give you levels of demand we wont be able to cope with, or worse leave us with higher costs than revenues. So we had decided making the prices reasonable. We decided to locate on Ecclesall Road due to it being a predominately student area. We believe it could start us with a good client base. There were different areas from where we could choose from for example London Road, somewhere in the City Centre. As Ecclesall Road is just off the City Centre so it does have its advantages and it is a long road with a lot of competition. Finding the property on Ecclesall Road was difficult as there are a lot of businesses successful. We managed to find a property after a while we had to wait, if we had not been successful in finding a property on Ecclesall Road we would have decided to locate on London Road which is a road like Ecclesall Road with a few cafes and takeaways. London Road is being developed into being another Ecclesall Road. There are flats being made on London Road which are to be filled with mainly students. We had decided to set up the business as a partnership due to having more ideas and we both have different skills within each other. By putting the skills together we thought we could have a successful business. Setting the business up as partners does have its advantages and disadvantages. As above they are the advantages but the disadvantages are not agreeing on the same idea, which can cause some problems but me and Emma managed to work together and if any disagreements occurred we had sorted them out by working them out. We did manage to get on well with each other and work as partners. The quality assurance was used by the help of Emma getting information how a food handling business works. As Emma works at Massarella she had the experience and knowledge of what was needed to be done. We used the information from Massarella as it is a food handling business. It had helped us a lot with our quality assurance, production plan, and constraints on production. The financial plan is crucial as it is a forecast on the business to see if we are to be successful in making any profit. The financial part of the plan took us a long time to do by trying to get it right. It was not difficult doing the cash flow forecast and the profit and loss account as we had to just fill in the months and it were calculated automatically. However finding out all the prices and working them out was difficult and took most of our time working them out. However looking at the financial plan we seem to be doing well not losing a lot of money. As we do expect sales to be high in the summer but not in the winter so it can be understood that the sales figures are low and we dont make any profit in the first three months. It is expected though we dont make any profit at the start of the business. Nevertheless we seem to be doing well not losing out on much. Looking at the ratios in gross profit we are doing extremely well, but not in the net profit but we are totally low in the net profit we are jus near the 50% mark but we can grow on this as it is the start of a new business and we might even expect more customers than we predict or less. If we had more time we would have convert the Ice Bar into a drinking bar in the night. We have a bar in Ice Bar and the name which would be suitable, so there would not be a lot to change the premises itself. We would have to apply for licence for alcohol. We also have a basement we could refurbish it and convert it to a dancing area or have another bar downstairs. To convert the Ice Bar into a night bar it would cost us a lot of money so we would need to take out a loan. If we were not successful in our Ice Cream Parlour this idea would be our back up plan. We decided to use the Lloyds TSB Bank business plan to help us construct our own plan to help us construct our own plan. There were a variety of business plans to choose from to help us to construct our business plan for example HSBC Bank, Natwest etc. The business plans are mainly available from the banks. We chose Lloyds TSB Bank because there is a lot of information given to help with the business plan, for example a CD was given a book which guides you through the planning of a business. It also gave an outline of a business plan where you can fill in the spaces and use it as a business plan. The guide was very helpful, we used the construction of the Lloyds TSB business plan we did not use as we had a lot more information to add and some of the information in the plan was not necessary to our business plan. We could have chosen different plans like HSBC but we felt HSBC did not have lot information like Lloyds TSB. It was not very helpful it had just given a business plan where you can just fill in what was necessary.

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States Often incorrectly called the chief justice of the Supreme Court, the chief justice of the United States is the nation’s highest-ranking judicial official, and speaking for the judicial branch of the federal government, and serving as the chief administrative officer for the federal courts. In this capacity, the chief justice heads the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the U.S. federal courts,  and appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. A Chief Justices Main Duties As primary duties, the chief justice presides over oral arguments before the Supreme Court and sets the agenda for the courts meetings. Of course, the chief justice presides over the Supreme Court, which includes eight other members called associate justices. The chief justices vote carries the same weight as those of the associate justices, though the role does require duties that the associate justices dont perform. As such, the chief justice is traditionally paid more than the associate justices. The 2018 annual salary of the chief justice set by Congress, is $267,000, slightly higher than the $255,300 salary of the associate justices. When voting with the majority in a case decided by the Supreme Court, the chief justice may choose to write the Courts opinion  or to assign the task to one of the associate justices. History of the Chief Justice Role The office of chief justice is not explicitly established in the U.S. Constitution. While Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the Constitution refers to a chief justice as presiding over Senate trials of presidential impeachment.  Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which establishes the Supreme Court itself, refers to all members of the Court simply as â€Å"judges.† The distinct titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States were created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1866, Associate Justice Salmon P. Chase, who had been by to the Court by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864, convinced Congress to change the official title Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to the current Chief Justice of the United States. Chase reasoned that the new title better acknowledged the position’s duties within the judicial branch not directly related to the Supreme Court’s deliberations. In 1888, Chief Justice of the United States Melville Fuller became the first person to actually hold the modern title. Since 1789, 15 different presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to either the original or the modern chief justice position. Since the Constitution mandates only that there must be a chief justice, the practice of appointment by the president with the consent of the Senate has been based solely on tradition. The Constitution does not specifically prohibit the use of other methods, as long as the chief justice is selected from among the other sitting justices. Like all federal judges, the chief justice is nominated by the president of the United States and must be confirmed by the Senate. The term-in-office of the chief justice is set by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which states that all federal judges shall hold their offices during good behavior, meaning that chief justices serve for life, unless they die, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process. Presiding Over Impeachments and Inaugurations The chief justice sits as the judge in  impeachments  of the president of the United States,  including when the vice  president of the United States  is the acting president. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided over the Senate trial of President  Andrew Johnson  in 1868, and Chief Justice  William H. Rehnquist  presided over the trial of President William Clinton in 1999. While its thought the chief justice must swear in ​presidents at inaugurations, this is a purely traditional role. According to law, any federal or state judge is empowered to administer oaths of office, and even a notary public can perform the duty, as was the case when Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president in 1923. Procedure and Reporting and Inaugurations In day-to-day proceedings, the chief justice enters the courtroom first and casts the first vote when the justices deliberate, and also presides over closed-door conferences of the court in which votes are cast on pending appeals and cases heard in oral argument. Outside the courtroom, the chief justice writes an annual report to Congress about the state of the federal court system and appoints other federal judges to serve on various administrative and judicial panels. The chief justice also serves as chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution  and sits on the boards of the National Gallery of Art and the Hirshhorn Museum.

Developing a Strategy for Sustainable Relationship Case Study

Developing a Strategy for Sustainable Relationship - Case Study Example Because it enjoyed a wide client profile, Merryweather had no problem filling its accommodations to capacity, especially since summer is a naturally busy time for vacation sites. With more income-generating opportunities available, the company tended to maintain a relatively large staff base, assigning each guest relations officer a maximum of eight clients at a time. As a result, visitors were provided high-quality, personalized service. The firm promoted a culture of innovation among employees to reinforce its "customer is king" orientation. As such, its marketing-led business style and acute sense of customer service were, perhaps, Merryweather's most important contribution to the merger. Tennyson Ski maintained a diverse mix of properties - from chalets and apartments to hotels - to serve the winter vacation industry. Because this is a mass market, it might have entailed high operating costs. Furthermore, the facilities were not full-staffed; one representative attended to as many as 30 guests. Therefore, clients did not experience the level of indulgence that they might expect from luxury accommodations. According to Pate and Platt (2002), "a merger can only benefit a weak business if operating efficiencies, product synergies, or other marketing, financial, or managerial advantages are achieved". While not necessarily a "weak" company, Tennyson Ski certainly had more to gain from the merger. Meanwhile, Merryweather Sailing "should move cautiouslyconduct thorough due diligence investigations, and formulate realistic business plans for the combined organization" (Pate & Platt, 2002). Tennyson Ltd. thought it best to move forward by (1) developing a new strategy (2) discarding products and services that no longer fit the new business. This was no mean task; the two companies had been targeting two completely different segments, albeit in the same general category. Tennyson Ltd. started by adopting Merryweather Sailing's mission: "To be the best tour operator to go on holiday with and invest in." There were other critical issues. The new conglomerate needed to set a direction for growth and identify the different lines of business that would best match the strategy. Also, Merryweather catered to a specialist market, while Tennyson used a shotgun approach in its marketing. Post-merger, the company had to settle on a viable segmentation strategy, which would then guide the company in resource allocation decisions. With the merger, who then would be the customer of Tennyson Ltd. This was not a simple either-or decision between the two market segments; it required careful consideration. Need for Rationalization To be able to move forward with a new strategy - and emerge with a