Symbols Used in ”Noli Me Tangere” by Jose Rizal Essay Sample free essay sample

The characters of the novel were drawn by Rizal from individuals who really existed during his clip. * Juan Crisostomo Ibarra – the supporter Represented the flush and broad European educated Filipino ( Ilustrado ) and desired the instruction of the people * Elias – represented the Filipino multitudes wanted to emancipate the people from the unfairnesss suffered from the Spaniards and represented Rizal himself * Maria Clara – The object of Ibarra’s love and fondness. * Trained in a convent and immersed in instruction that is spiritual in orientation. * Salome – Elias’ girlfriend * Same with Maria Clara epitomizes muliebrity in their fidelity. shyness and modestness and represents Leonor Rivera * Padre Damaso – the chief adversary in the novel.* A typical domineering mendicant during Rizal’s clip.* Arrogant. immoral and anti-Filipino* Often mistaken as a Dominican priest.* Pilosopo Tasyo – perceived to be a sage by the educated and a moonstruck orWyrd by those who did non cognize him. * Represents Paciano. Rizal’s older brother* Capitan Tiago – Don Anastacio de los Santos* Husband of Pia Alba* His wealth came from illegal opium trade* Example of a subservient Filipino to the Spanish governments for protection and security * Capitan Juan Sunico of San Nicolas* Sisa – the female parent of Basilio and Crispin* Symbolizes Filipinos deficiency of concern in facing and deciding jobs facing Filipino society. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbols Used in †Noli Me Tangere† by Jose Rizal Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * But illustrates the typical Filipino female parent. Ready to support their kids from all signifiers of unfairness and accusals. * Basilio and Crispin – represents the Crisostomo brothers in Bulacan * Padre Salvi – represents an immoral and coward mendicant * Was believed to be Father Antonio Piernavieja. the despised Augustinian mendicant who was killed b the nationalists during the revolution. * Dona Victorina – married woman of Don Tiburcio de Espadana.* A societal climber. An Indio who wanted to be treated as a Spaniard for her hubby was a citizen of Spain. * Dona Agustina Medel* Dona Consolacion – kept woman of the Alferez* Symbolized the outlook of the Guardia Civil: Vulgar. cruel and quarrelsome The novel calls for the Filipino to:* Regain his ego assurance* Appreciate his dignity* Return to the heritage of his ascendants* Assert himself* To be to the Spaniards* Insists in the demand for instruction* Dedication to the state* Absorbing the facets of Western civilization that could heighten native traditions

Essay on Public Opinion

Essay on Public Opinion Essay on Public Opinion This is a free sample essay on Public Opinion: Public opinion, which can be swayed by the manipulation of the media and to some degree by the President’s persuasion, greatly impacts the policies made by public officials. George Bush promised tax cuts if elected as President of the United States of America. He was able to convince the public that they should be able to spend their money rather than the government. According to the Gallup Poll of September 11-13, 2000 , 74% of the public was in favor of tax cuts. The media’s support of tax cuts was divided; therefore it was not as effective in swaying public opinion as when all media are united in their opinions. Even the Democratic leaders, who were generally against the tax cuts, were unable to prevent the tax cuts. This was due to Democratic leaders like Max Baucus, John Breaux, Blanche Lincoln, and Robert Torricelli who voted in favor of the tax cuts which was guided by the wishes of their constituents. Policies made dealing with Afghanistan cannot be compared to typical policies made by our government officials. These polices are a result of terrorist attacks on America. Because of the nature of the attacks, most everyone agrees on the same policies, which are in the best interests of our country. The ability of President Bush to set specific goals and a unifying cause, has been a major affect in gathering the support of both the people and the media. The Gallup Poll shows that about 90% of the people are in favor of President Bush’s policies at this time . If public opinion should start to change, President Bush would probably reconsider his policies involving Afghanistan, as would any public official when trying to appeal to their constituents. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Public Opinion from our professional essay writing service.

Retail and Investment Banking in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Retail and Investment Banking in the UK - Essay Example Even though the face of banking may change, the functionality may not be altered in many cases. This, therefore, means that the need to come up with strategies to accommodate the change is necessary. One of the strategies that are brought forward is the use of separation of investment banking from the retail section of banking. Separation of retail banking from investment banking is a strategy that is required as a measure to increase financial stability within a national economy. In this separation, the banks either specialize to perform retail or investment banking in an arrangement known as ring-fencing of the banks (Coppola, 5, September 2014 ). In this arrangement, a local subsidiary of a bank that takes the deposits of local customers is protected from the parent corporation through trade bans and deposits security mechanisms (Song 2004, pp 19). In this way, the deposits of the local customers are protected from external shocks of the economic uncertainties that the large international corporations could have exposed them to. In Great Britain (2012, pp11), the rules that set up the conditions for ring-fenced banks are listed. These rules set the prohibitions that are set for the banks that are set by the regulating authority. In this essay, the effectiveness of the separation of retail banking and investment banking are discussed. The focus of the essay remains if the separation can really bear intended fruits or collapse and the possible consequences of the separation. Investment banking provides services and funds to different sectors of the economy. In doing this, investment banking exposes utilizes the financial capital that is majorly drawn from the savings or deposits of the clients. It means that in a worst-case scenario, if the economic forces force the investments to collapse totally, then the bank is faced with insolvency.  

Henry A. Wallace Questions the 'Get Tough' PolicyAndrei Vishinsky's Essay

Henry A. Wallace Questions the 'Get Tough' PolicyAndrei Vishinsky's United Nations Speech - Essay Example Henry A Wallace â€Å"Questions the Get Tough Policy† The main issue revolving around the mind of Henry Wallace was how the rest of the world views the USA following their day-to-day actions. The reading expounds on the international politics of 1940s. Some of the actions that cause concern are $13 billion budget for the war and Navy Departments, continuing examinations and manufacturing of bombs, the plan to arm the Latin America among other military plans in manufacturing the B-29s and the B-36s. These plans and actions make the USA look as if it is paying so much to earn peace. They may also look as if the US is planning to intimidate the rest of the world or it is planning for an inevitable war. Truly, the best way to enhance peace is investing in arms as this will build a predominance force. However, the USA is doing a lot as far as getting prepared for a war is concerned. Henry Wallace explains these actions of Atomic bomb investment as a cheap warfare as compared with t he outdated wars. This is in reference with the fact that there are a few nations with the capacity to produce the weapon. The production process also requires little labor force and the plant itself occupy a small area as compared to the space occupied by plants manufacturing old rifles. Another reason for investment in atomic bombs is that having many bombs among other nations is of no benefit because they would be of benefit just as having enough weapons would do. Another key reason why the country is producing atomic bombs is that the production will kill the monopoly that a nation such as Russia is producing the weapon. This is through a neutralization effect. He also argues that they are producing the atomic bombs to show preparedness for war, as they are the most venerable nation following the fact that they are the wealthiest nation in the world (Baylis, Smith, and Owens 23). He refers to a philosophy in military studies, which states that there is no nation capable of winni ng a war that fully destroys modern civilization. The theory, therefore, advocates that the best preventative measure is attacking nations, which produce the weapon. The theory by its nature is unethical and immoral. The USA may be at a fix if it decided to apply the theory because if it attempts to attack Russia and all its atomic reserves, it will awaken Europe, meaning in has to destroy it as well which it would be an immense challenge. There are also issues concerning distrust of Russia by the Americans. This is following the conflicts between the two nations as far as political and economic power is concerned. However, there is also an argument that the continuing thought regarding distrust for Russia will not do the world any good because of their reaction concerning the allegation. This is in reference with the history of the nation as well as the policies of Russia to the rest of the world. Following the argument by Henry Wallace, it is evident that the Americans feel that t hey are exceptional and superior to other nations (Baylis, Smith, and Owens 56). Andrei Vishinsky's â€Å"United Nations Speech" â€Å"The Get Policy† by Henry Wallace of 1947 analyzes the need to stop the ongoing after- war propaganda that negatively affected the people. Different individuals share their own opinion about the war, and this is published in the newspapers and daily

New Media Technologies And News Production Essay

New Media Technologies And News Production - Essay Example On the other hand, families saw the need of sitting and watching the television after a day’s work rather than reading newspapers to acquire information. Additionally, the advancement in to the World Wide Web era gave birth to personalized consumption of information since it a was faster and more detailed way of news reporting. News production and the internet Moreover, the information transmission through the internet led to great cultural diversifications in the way of consuming news. The internet is a platform of free culture in that the information provided costs less or is free. Sequentially, the newspapers in the developed nations are unable to compete with the internet in terms of revenue accumulation. Undoubtedly, journalists who find themselves on the receiving end of losing their jobs because of the financial strain in the world today have implemented the use of blogging sites on the internet (Schubert, 2011:5). These blogging sites provide an avenue for the airing o f their views through cheap and reliable means (Stuart 2003:36). They do not find themselves answerable to any one except authorities of their lands of origin. Therefore, the internet has offered a way of bridging the professional gap from that of being unemployed to that of independence for practicing journalists across the globe. On the contrary, citizens have also had their fair contribution in reporting, as the internet offers a platform for posting photographs and amateur video footage on happening events. This is what citizen journalism entails (Greer & McLaughlin, 2010:1045).Once these pictures find their way to the internet, they give room for research where the researching on more facts surrounding the developing story may get to the public domain... This essay stresses that the media has a way of portraying protests and demonstrations by the public in a violent and the non-attractive way. Usually, they portray the demonstrators as those who have high traits of anarchy. This depicts the influence of the media in explaining the actual state happening events. However, governments have emphasized the need for positive reporting rather than negative reporting through the showing of disturbing images. Ideally, negative reporting may affect a country’s economy in that it may bring down a country’s attractiveness to potential investors. Modern day media forms should act as public relations features rather than weapons of ruining public image. Therefore, the media has a role to play in restoring public trust in institutions like the police force that have had the repute of violence and brutality to the public. This paper makes a conclusion that The transformed media has a critical place in the present society because many use it as a matter of the need to feel informed. In this regard, responsible journalism should be the foundation for any coverage of information intending to reach the public domain. Ideally, the media is a tremendously powerful tool that which can influence the society either negatively or positively. Subsequently, the transformed media should ensure that it is impartial and steers the society towards the right direction. Finally, the transformed media forms have defined the standards of living for many of the urban citizens since the reception and production of news is immense quality and class.

Optimal Reactive Power Planning By Using Evolutionary Engineering Essay

Optimal Reactive Power Planning By Using Evolutionary Engineering Essay This paper presents a methodology for solving Optimal Reactive Power Planning (ORPP) problem by using Evolutionary Programming (EP) Optimization Technique in order to improve the voltage stability and minimize the losses in the power system. This study has developed the Evolutionary Programming (EP) Optimization Technique using MATLAB software. The study tested two fitness functions namely total loss minimization and the voltage stability improvement in power system with two different mutation technique. Comparison in the results obtained was made in order to determine the best fitness function and the best mutation technique to be used for solving ORPP and hence the voltage stability is improved. The proposed technique was tested on the IEEE 26 bus reliability test system. Keywords: Optimal Reactive Power Planning (ORPP), Voltage Stability Improvement, Evolutionary Programming (EP) I. INTRODUCTION In general, the problem of optimal reactive power planning (ORPP) can be defined as to determine the amount and location of shunt reactive power compensation devices needed for minimum cost while keeping an adequate voltage profile. The ORPP is one of the most challenging problems since objective functions, the operation cost and the investment cost of new reactive power sources, should be minimized simultaneously [1]. Transmission loss can be minimised by performing reactive power planning which involves optimisation process. The ORPP is a large-scale nonlinear optimization problem with a large number of variables and uncertain parameters. Various mathematical optimization algorithms have been developed for the ORPP, which in most cases; use nonlinear [2], linear [3], or mixed integer programming [4], and decomposition methods [5-8]. However, these conventional techniques are known to converge to a local optimal solution rather than the global one for problems such as ORPP which have many local minima. Recently, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been used for optimization; in particular both the genetic algorithm and evo1ution programming have been used in the ORPP problem. The EA is a powerful optimization technique analogous to the natural selection process in genetics. It is useful especially when other optimization methods fail in finding the optimal solution [1]. Evolutionary Programming (EP) optimization technique is recently applied in solving electric power system optimization problems. It is part of the Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) optimization techniques under the artificial intelligence hierarchy. Optimization is an important issue in power system operation and planning particularly in the area of voltage stability studies [9]. In this study, EP engine was initially developed to implement the optimisation process considering two mutation techniques, each with two different objective functions. Comparative studies performed in this study aimed to identify the most suitabl e mutation technique with the best objective function for minimising transmission loss in power system and also improving the voltage stability. The parameters for this problem are: generated reactive power (Qg), injected reactive power (Qinj) and transformer tap (T). Validation on the effectiveness of the proposed technique was conducted on the IEEE-26 reliability test system. Figure 1: The IEEE 26 bus test system II. OBJECTIVES The two objective functions of this study are: To obtain the total loss minimization To improve the voltage stability Where: Total_Loss is total loss minimization LQNmax is voltage stability improvement III. BACKGROUND STUDIES A. Optimal Reactive Power Planning (ORPP) Optimal Reactive Power Planning (ORPP) is a sub-problem of Optimal Power Flow solution which has been widely used in power system operation and planning to determine the optimal control parameter settings, in order to minimize or maximize the desired objective function while satisfying a set of systems constraint. Reactive Power Planning (RPP) involves in optimizing the transformer tap setting, injection of reactive power at generator and load bus so as to fulfill the objective function. Since the OPF approach is commonly concerned with the security and economic operation of the power system, Economic Dispatch (ED) technique is also adopted in RPP scheme. The value of active power generated by the generator is also adjusted in the approach. [11] ORPP is a nonlinear programming problem which has the following mathematical formulation: Maximize or minimize f(x, u) (3) subject to g(x, u) =0 (4) hmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ h(x, u) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ hmax (5) where u is the vector of control variables and x is the vector of dependent variables. f(x, u) is the objective function, while g(x, u) is the nodal power constraints with hmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ h(x, u) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ hmax are the inequality constraints of the dependent and independent variables. B. Evolutionary Programming (EP) EP is one of the popular techniques which fall under the Evolutionary Computation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) hierarchy and increasingly applied for solving power system optimization problem in recent years. A new population is formed from an existing population through the use of a mutation operator. This operator produces a new solution by perturbing each component of an existing solution by a random amount. The degree of optimality is measured by the fitness, which can be defined as the objective function of the problem [12]. Through the use of a ranking scheme, the candidate solutions in each population were sorted in ascending order according to the number of the best population. The best population form a resultant population is referred as the next generation. The ranking scheme must have more optimal solutions which has a greater chance of survival than the poorer solutions. It is a stochastic optimization strategy, which based on the mechanics of natural selections-mutation, competition and evolution. This technique stressed on the behavioural linkage between parents and their offspring. In general, EP consists of 3 major steps which briefly discussed as follow [12], [13]: i. Initialization The initial population of ÃŽÂ ¼ individuals consists of (xi, ÆÅ ¾i), ˆ¦i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ {1, 2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼} are generated randomly based on its limit, whereby xi denotes the control variable and ÆÅ ¾i is the strategic parameter with respect to xi. The fitness is calculated for each individual based on its objective function, f(xi). ii. Mutation a) First Mutation Technique Each parent (xi, ÆÅ ¾i), i=1,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, ÃŽÂ ¼, creates a single offspring (xi, ÆÅ ¾i), where xi and ÆÅ ¾i are given by: xi (j) = xi (j) + ÆÅ ¾i (j) Nj (0, 1) (6) ÆÅ ¾i (j) = ÆÅ ¾i (j) exp (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ N (0, 1) + à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Nj (0, 1)) (7) and à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = ((2(n)  ½)  ½)-1 (8) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾= ((2n)  ½)-1 (9) xi (j), xi'(j), ÆÅ ¾i(j) and ÆÅ ¾i'(j) are the j-th component of the vectors xi, xi, ÆÅ ¾i and ÆÅ ¾i respectively. N(0,1) represents a normally distributed one-dimensional random number with mean zero and standard deviation 1. Nj(0,1) denotes that the random number is generated anew for each value of j. Subsequently, the fitness is calculated for each offspring. b) Proposed Mutation Technique The proposed mutation rule was inspired by neural network back propagation learning. The following three equations are employed for perturbing the parents to generate their offspring: In these equations, xij [k] [k] is the jth variable of an ith individual at the kth generation. The learning rate, ÆÅ ¾, and the momentum rate, ÃŽÂ ±, are real-valued constants that are determined empirically. |.| denotes an absolute value and N represents the normal distribution. Άxij [k] is the amount of change in an individual, which is proportional to the temporal error, and it drives the individual to evolve close to the best individual at the next generation. It may be viewed as a tendency of the other individuals to take after or emulate the best individual in the current generation. sxij [k] is the evolution tendency or momentum of previous evolution. It accumulates evolution information and tends to accelerate convergence when the evolution trajectory is moving in a consistent direction [14]. The best individual is mutated only by the momentum. This expands the exploitation range and increases the possibility for escaping from local minima. acci[k] in (10) is defined as follows. acci[k] = 1; if the current update has improved cost, 0; otherwise. (10) iii. Combination and Selection In combination stage, the union of parents and offspring are ranked in ascending or descending order according to its fitness and purpose of the optimisation. Hence, the top ÃŽÂ ¼ individuals are selected to be parents for the next generation. The process of mutation, combination and selection are repeated until the stopping criterion is met. In this paper, the stopping criterion is taken to be the convergence of fitness value. IV. METHODOLOGY Figure 3 explained the overall methodology for the evolutionary programming optimization technique to solve ORPP. The produced offspring vector must satisfy and consider the constraints as at the initialization. The main concept of EP is the mutation process. Then continues with learning about the MATLAB software and tested the IEEE 26-Bus Test System to observe initial values which are total power loss, initial minimum and maximum voltages and the initial line stability index (LQP LQN). These initial values have been taken by considering the unstable transmission lines in the test system (IEEE 26-BUS). The unstable line means the line stability index value is close to 1.00. The unstable voltage is when the value is not within the range of (0.90à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Và ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1.10). Figure 3: The flow chart for the EP optimization technique The EP program was developed and the analysis of the result is tested based on objective function of the project such as minimize total loss and the voltage stability improvement. Then, the program has been run for five times for each type of objective function. Finally, this project has been concluded and the report has been written. A. Development of EP for Optimal Reactive Power Planning The optimal reactive power planning problems has been tested on the IEEE 26 bus test system. The two objective functions tested are: Fitness1 = Total_Loss; Fitness2 = LQNmax; To find the solution of the problem, the parameters d were decided. The parameters were: Reactive Power of Generator Bus Table 1 shows the parameters and size of reactive power of generation bus. There are five generator buses in IEEE 26-bus test system: Bus 2, 3, 4, 5 and 26. The size of each bus is as below. Table 1: Parameters and size of reactive power of generator bus Parameter Bus Size (MVar) Qg2 2 0 to 50 Qg3 3 0 to 40 Qg4 4 0 to 35 Qg5 5 0 to 30 Qg26 26 0 to 20 2. Injected Reactive Power to the Bus Table 2 shows the parameters and size of injected reactive power to the bus. It shows that there is nine buses have been injected by reactive power. The buses are as below. The unit of the injected reactive power is in MVar. Table 2: Parameters and size of injected reactive power to the bus Parameter Bus Size (MVar) C1 1 0 to 9 C4 4 0 to 9 C5 5 0 to 9 C6 6 0 to 9 C9 9 0 to 9 C11 11 0 to 9 C12 12 0 to 9 C15 15 0 to 9 C19 19 0 to 9 3. Transformer Tap at the Transmission Line Table 3 shows the parameters and size of transformer tap at transmission line. It shows that there is seven transformer tap change at transmission line in IEEE 26-bus test system. The size of each transformer tap is (0.9 to 1.2). Table 3: Parameters and size of transformer tap at the transmission line Parameter Line Size (p.u) T1 2-3 0.9 to 1.2 T2 2-13 0.9 to 1.2 T3 3-13 0.9 to 1.2 T4 4-8 0.9 to 1.2 T5 4-12 0.9 to 1.2 T6 6-19 0.9 to 1.2 T7 7-9 0.9 to 1.2 The EP process is initialization, mutation, rank and selection and convergence test. 4.1.1 Initialization Initial population of size 20 is formed by a set of randomly generated actual value. Each member is tested using equation (12) (17) as below. Equations (12) (16) are the generation constraints. The bus voltage limits in equation (17) are stated in order to avoid any violation to the system operation. The total loss limit in equation (18) is stated in order to avoid the losses greater than the initial values. 0MVar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Qg2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 50MVar (12) 0MVar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Qg3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 40MVar (13) 0MVar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Qg4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 35MVar (14) 0MVar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Qg5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 30MVar (15) 0MVar à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Qg26 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 20MVar (16) 0.90V à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Và ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1.10V (17) Total Losses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 16 (18) The generated random numbers must be smaller than the initial solution set in order to make sure that fitness will be improved. Only the member that satisfy the constraints are included in the initial population set. 4.1.2 Mutation Mutation is a method to execute the random number to produce offspring. An offspring vector Li is created from each parent vector by adding Gaussian random with zero mean and standard deviation. 4.1.3 Rank and Selection The offspring populations generated form mutation process is merged with the parent populations. The selection process is to generate a new 20 populations based on the objective function of total losses minimization and the voltage stability improvement. All of members were sorted in ascending order to produce the best twenty or the strongest twenty populations for next generation. 4.1.4 Convergence test The stopping criteria in order to obtain the optimal solution are by looking at the difference in maximum fitness and minimum fitness which must less then certain values. If not achieved, the process will be repeated until it converged. Where: Total_Lossmax- Total_Lossmin LQNmax LQNmin V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An EP optimization technique has been developed in this study and tested on IEEE 26-bus test system. The objective function is to minimize the total power loss and to improve the voltage stability in power system. The program has been developed to find the optimal value of control variables based on each objective functions. However, before this program was run, load flow solution for the IEEE 26-bus test system was obtained to determine the initial values. The initial total power loss and stability index is 18.986 MW and 0.754 respectively. For each objective function the program was run five times and the results were tabulated in tables according to the objective function. Then the best result for each objective function was selected and tabulated in Table 1 in the Appendix A in order to make a comparison between the two objective functions. According to the result which tabulated in Table 1 in the Appendix A, it was found that EP optimization technique with voltage stability improvement as the objective function give the best result which is total power loss of 14.462 MW and stability index of 0.717. The EP optimization technique with total power loss minimization as the objective function give results 14.987 MW. The EP optimization technique using proposed mutation rule with voltage stability improvement as objective function, the result MW and for the total power loss and stability index respectively. According Table 4, the total power loss and stability index is 15.534 MW and 0.734 respectively. The result after solve the Optimal Reactive Power Planning (ORPP) is 13.019 MW and 0.699. The percentage reduction for total power loss and stability index after solves the ORPP is 16.19 % and 4.77 %. Table 4: Comparison results before and after solves the Optimal Reactive Power Planning Terms Before Solve ORPP After Solve ORPP Total Power Loss (MW) 15.534 13.019 Stability Index, LQNmax 0.734 0.699 VI. CONCLUSION An evolutionary programming optimization technique has been developed to optimize the real power of generator bus, the reactive power and transformer tap control variables for minimal total cost of generation, total power loss and voltage stability improvement. In this paper, the total cost minimization is the best objective function for minimization of total cost, total power loss and stability index is reduced. The percentage reduction for the total cost and total power loss is acceptable. The percentage reduction of stability index is the highest. The percentage reduces for the total cost, total power loss and stability index is 7.77 %, 16.19 % and 4.77 % respectively. This is the acceptable and reasonable percentage reduction as compared to other objective functions. Therefore voltage stability improvement may not have to be the objective function in order to improve the voltage stability condition of a power system in solving the OPF. VII. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT For future development, the other optimization techniques are proposed to be implemented in solving the ORPP in order to minimize the total power system losses and especially to improve the voltage stability in larger power system. Further modification should be included to get more accurate results for example using different mutation rules and selection strategies. VIII. REFERENCES [1] Kwang. Y. Lee and Frank F. Yang Department of Electrical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, Optimal Reactive Power Planning Using Evolutionalry Algorithms: A Comparative Study for Evolutionary Programming, Evolutionary Strategy, Genetic Algorithm, and Linear Programming; IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1998 [2] R. Billington and S. S. Sachdev, Optimum network VAR planning by nonlinear programming IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. and Syst., Vol. PAS-92, pp. 6 [3] T. Heydt and W. M. Grady, Optimal Var siting using linear load flow formulation, IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. and Syst., pp. 1214-1222. Vol. PAS-102, No. 5, May 1983. [3] K. Aoki, M. Fan, and A. Nishkori, Optimal Var planning by approximation method for recursive mixed integer linear planning, IEEE Trans. on Power Syst.,Vol. PWRS-3, No. 4, pp. 1741-1747, November 1988. [4] K. Y. Lee, Y. M. Park, and J. L. Oritz, A united approach to optimal real and reactive power dispatch, IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. and Syst., Vol. PAS-104, pp. 1147-1153, May 1985. [SI K. Y. Lee, J. L. Ortiz, Y. M. Park, andL. G. Pond, An optimization technique for reactive power planning of subtransmission network under normal operation, IEEE Trans. on Power Syst., Vol. PWRS-1, pp. 153-159, May 1986. [6] M. K. Mangoli, K. Y. Lee, and Y. M. 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[6] Mahmoud Moghavvemi, New Method for Indicating Voltage Stability Condition in Power System, Proceedings of IEE International Power Engineering Conference, IPEC97, Singapore, pp. 223-227. [7] Jason Yuryevich, Student Member IEEE, Evolutionary Programming Based Optimal Power Flow Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, November 1999. [8] Salami, M. and Cain, G., Multiple Genetic Algorithm Processor for The Economic Power Dispatch Problem, Proceeding of the genetic algorithm in engineering systems: Innovations and Applications, Conference Publication No. 414, IEE, 1995, pp 188-193. [9] I Musirin and T K Abdul Rahman, On-Line Voltage Stability Index for Voltage Collapse Prediction in Power System, presented at Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2001 (BICET2001), Brunei. October 2001. [10] Toro, V.D., Electric Power System, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992. [11] Whats Evolutionary Programming, http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/genetic/part2/section-3.html. [12] Leandro Nunes de Castro and Fernando Jose Von Zuben, Artificial Immune System:Part 1- Basic Theory and Applications, Technical report TR-DCA 01/99. 1999. [13] Slobodan Pajic, Dr Kevin A. Clements, Dr. Paul W. Davis and Dr Alexander E. Emanuel, Sequential Quadratic Programming Base Contingency Constraint Optimal Power Flow, Degree of Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, April, 29 2003. [14] Fogel , D.B. : A comparison of evolutionary programming and genetic algorithms on selected constrained optimization problems, Simulation, June,1995,pp.397-404. [15] Yao, X., Liu, Y. and Lin, G., (1999) Evolutionary programming made faster, IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Computation. vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 82-102. [16] Miller, R.H. and Malinnowski, J.H., Power System Operation, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. Appendix A Table 1: Results of EP Optimization Technique Objective Function Control Variables/ Parameters of OPF Total Cost ($/h) Total Power Loss (MW) Stability Index, LQNmax Time Taken (s) Real Power of Generator Bus (MW) Injected Reactive Power (Mvar) Transformer Tap (p.u) Pg2 Pg3 Pg4 Pg5 Pg26 C1 C4 C5 C6 C9 C11 C12 C15 C19 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Total Power Loss Minimization 163.12 281.14 146.07 147.94 92.11 5.95 4.79 0.39 5.39 5.23 1.40 4.23 5.43 3.83 0.96 0.99 1.04 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.91 15449.1 12.132 0.767 11843 Voltage Stability Improvement 110.35 287.28 128.95 163.42 97.14 1.24 1.28 2.36 1.05 2.58 0.76 4.50 2.19 2.39 0.94 1.00 0.96 1.11 1.05 0.90 0.98 15523.1 14.461 0.713 6358

Integrity: Morality Essay

The definition of integrity is vague and rather open ended. Morals are the premise for all perceptions of integrity and should be further explored to better understand the cloudiness behind integrity. Morals are the standing personal ideas of what basic fibers construct all decisions, right or wrong. But morals are personal, and ever changing, never exactly the same person to person. For example, the Ten Commandments, implemented on primitive people for thousands of years attempted to instill basic morality into barbaric people who, with the fear of a higher power, abided. The late George Carlin summarized these ten into a basic 4. Don’t lie, cheat, steal, or kill. Now, in a civilized world, in a country that defines social civility, these 4 seem easy and almost givens. But, in third world countries where life is not easy, and everyday is eat or be eaten, morals are far less important. Millions, everyday, commit all four acts without hesitation. Morals are expendable when survival lies in the balance. Survival, of what? Survival of life, survival of an idea, survival of a relationship? Millions have killed millions because they thought their agenda was more prevalent, or their god justified it, or because they needed to in order to fulfill the instinctual desire to live at all costs. In no way am I saying that ethics should be readily broken for personal gain, but the principles that so many try to live by aren’t as universally important as they seem. I truly believe that if you are not living for other people, you are not truely living. Relationships mean everything. Its not just the way you treat family, or your friends, its everyone. I treat people how I would want to be treated and give respect where respect is due. My morals are much more diverse then just don’t lie, steal, cheat, or kill . My morals are reflective of today’s day and age, not as dated and black n’ white as those four. My morals are competitive, like our present society. I never intend to hurt anyone, and my actions are far from malicious, but if the survival of something I hold close lies in the balance, I am willing to bend my moral code in order to ensure the continued existence of what I view jeopardized. I stand by what I believe; those are my morals. Live for others, but never forget who is left at the end of the day. I’ve always viewed integrity as personal. Its how you a carry yourself. Its how you act when no one is watching. But, this is all personal. I don’t let other people dictate my integrity, I let my actions speak, and I ask myself at the end of the day, if I acted like the man I want to be. Many days, when I reflect on myself, I realize I haven’t been. And this is life, improving day to day so you never repeat mistakes.